The Pain Division has a nucleus of researchers interested in pediatric pain and a range of related topics that has been working closely with the Office of the Vice Chair for Research since 2020. Dr. Holmes uses neuroimaging, machine learning, and molecular genetics to understand how nociception translates into pain perception in pediatric cohorts. Dr. Kossowsky works to develop mobile health solutions to behavioral, sleep, pain, and cognitive issues in pediatric inpatient and natural settings. Dr. Moulton studies the human central nervous system mechanisms that underly pain, particularly relating to oculofacial pain and related disorders, using neuroimaging and psychophysical techniques. Dr. Upadhyay's lab utilizes a multidisciplinary approach to understand the biobehavioral basis of pain and neuropsychiatric symptoms in pediatric and adult patient populations. Assisted by departmental support for their individual research programs, these investigators have achieved considerable success in obtaining independent extramural funding, including support from foundations, the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Defense, the Veterans’ Affairs Administration, and industry. This success has been accompanied by prolific output in publications and presentations.