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Research Overview

Richard Malley's laboratory studies the acquired and innate immune responses to common human pathogens, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Salmonella typhi and paratyphi. A major area of interest of the laboratory is the development of alternatives to the expensive and serotype-dependent pneumococcal vaccines. Starting with the mucosal application of killed whole unencapsulated pneumococci, Malley and colleagues identified a novel mechanism of immunity to pneumococcal colonization that may have important implications for the generation of immunity to this and other mucosal pathogen: the generation of specific IL-17A-producing CD4+ T cells that greatly reduce the duration and density of mucosal colonization. The natural extension of this work has been efforts to identify antigens from pneumococcus, staphylococcus and mycobacteria that elicit protective T cell responses. The Malley laboratory is also working to further define this mechanism of protection. With funding from PATH, the Malley laboratory is pursuing the development of killed, whole cell vaccines for use in developing countries. This vaccine is currently undergoing Phase II clinical trials in Kenyan children, to evaluate immune responses and protection against pneumococcal carriage. The Malley laboratory is actively involved in the discovery and testing of vaccines against a number of pathogens, including pneumococcus, S. aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Salmonellae, using a combination of genomic and proteomic analysis, immunological techniques, novel vaccine platforms (including a recently discovered Multiple Antigen Presenting System, or MAPS) and animals models. Another area of interest concerns the study of the regulatory mechanisms that underlie the bistable expression of the type 1 pneumococcal pilus, a virulence factor that has been associated with increased capacity to colonize the host. Work in the laboratory has uncovered a complex network of regulatory mechanisms between the pilus genes and other regulatory genes in pneumococcus. Finally, the Malley laboratory is interested in studying the transcriptome of both pneumococcus and S. aureus using materials both from animal models as well as clinical samples obtained from colonized or infected children.

 

Research Background

Richard Malley received his MD degree from Tufts University School of Medicine. He completed an internship, residency and fellowship at Boston Children's Hospital.

 

Education

Medical School

Tufts University School of Medicine
1990 Boston MA

Internship

Pediatrics Boston Children's Hospital
1991 Boston MA

Residency

Boston Children's Hospital
1993 Boston MA

Fellowship

Pediatric Infectious Diseases; Pediatric Emergency Medicine Boston Children's Hospital
1996 Boston MA

Publications

  1. Safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of a novel 24-valent pneumococcal vaccine candidate in healthy, pneumococcal vaccine-naïve Japanese adults: A phase 1 randomized dose-escalation trial. Vaccine. 2025 Jan 12; 44:126545. View Abstract
  2. Surface protein distribution in Group B Streptococcus isolates from South Africa and identifying vaccine targets through in silico analysis. Sci Rep. 2024 09 30; 14(1):22665. View Abstract
  3. Evaluation of a Quadrivalent Shigella flexneri Serotype 2a, 3a, 6, and Shigella sonnei O-Specific Polysaccharide and IpaB MAPS Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel). 2024 Sep 24; 12(10). View Abstract
  4. CC180 clade dynamics do not universally explain Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 persistence post-vaccine: a global comparative population genomics study. medRxiv. 2024 Sep 18. View Abstract
  5. Corrigendum to "Phase 1/2 study of a novel 24-valent pneumococcal vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 to 64 years and in older adults aged 65 to 85 years" [Vaccine 40 (2022) 4190-4198]. Vaccine. 2024 Oct 03; 42(23):126023. View Abstract
  6. Household Transmission Dynamics of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-Infected Children: A Multinational, Controlled Case-Ascertained Prospective Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2024 Jun 14; 78(6):1522-1530. View Abstract
  7. Vaccination for healthy aging. Sci Transl Med. 2024 May; 16(745):eadm9183. View Abstract
  8. Features Associated With Radiographic Pneumonia in Children with SARS-CoV-2. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2024 Apr 24; 13(4):257-259. View Abstract
  9. Safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of a novel 24-valent pneumococcal vaccine in toddlers: A phase 1 randomized controlled trial. Vaccine. 2024 Apr 11; 42(10):2560-2571. View Abstract
  10. Immunization with a whole cell vaccine reduces pneumococcal nasopharyngeal density and shedding, and middle ear infection in mice. Vaccine. 2024 Mar 07; 42(7):1714-1722. View Abstract
  11. Multiple antigen presenting system (MAPS): state of the art and potential applications. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2024 Jan-Dec; 23(1):196-204. View Abstract
  12. Induction of Broad Immunity against Invasive Salmonella Disease by a Quadrivalent Combination Salmonella MAPS Vaccine Targeting Salmonella Enterica Serovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Typhi, and Paratyphi A. Vaccines (Basel). 2023 Oct 31; 11(11). View Abstract
  13. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on the Association Between Laboratory Tests and Severe Outcomes Among Hospitalized Children. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023 Oct; 10(10):ofad485. View Abstract
  14. A MAPS Vaccine Induces Multipronged Systemic and Tissue-Resident Cellular Responses and Protects Mice against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. mBio. 2023 02 28; 14(1):e0361122. View Abstract
  15. A Bivalent MAPS Vaccine Induces Protective Antibody Responses against Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A. Vaccines (Basel). 2022 Dec 30; 11(1). View Abstract
  16. Acute otitis media pneumococcal disease burden and nasopharyngeal colonization in children due to serotypes included and not included in current and new pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2023 Jan-Dec; 22(1):118-138. View Abstract
  17. Antibody Seronegativity in COVID-19 RT-PCR-Positive Children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2022 08 01; 41(8):e318-e320. View Abstract
  18. Preclinical Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a Multiple Antigen-Presenting System (MAPSTM) SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel). 2022 Jul 03; 10(7). View Abstract
  19. Post-COVID-19 Conditions Among Children 90 Days After SARS-CoV-2 Infection. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 07 01; 5(7):e2223253. View Abstract
  20. Phase 1/2 study of a novel 24-valent pneumococcal vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 to 64 years and in older adults aged 65 to 85 years. Vaccine. 2022 07 29; 40(31):4190-4198. View Abstract
  21. Targeted Transcriptomic Screen of Pneumococcal Genes Expressed during Murine and Human Infection. Infect Immun. 2022 07 21; 90(7):e0017522. View Abstract
  22. Corticosteroids and Other Treatments Administered to Children Tested for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Emergency Departments. Acad Pediatr. 2022 Sep-Oct; 22(7):1200-1211. View Abstract
  23. Carrier Proteins Facilitate the Generation of Antipolysaccharide Immunity via Multiple Mechanisms. mBio. 2022 06 28; 13(3):e0379021. View Abstract
  24. Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from unvaccinated asymptomatic and symptomatic household members with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection: an antibody-surveillance study. CMAJ Open. 2022 Apr-Jun; 10(2):E357-E366. View Abstract
  25. Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2-Positive Youths Tested in Emergency Departments: The Global PERN-COVID-19 Study. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 01 04; 5(1):e2142322. View Abstract
  26. Induction of T Cell Responses by Vaccination of a Streptococcus pneumoniae Whole-Cell Vaccine. Methods Mol Biol. 2022; 2410:345-355. View Abstract
  27. Robust Immune Response Induced by Schistosoma mansoni TSP-2 Antigen Coupled to Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles. Int J Nanomedicine. 2021; 16:7153-7168. View Abstract
  28. Optimization of Expression and Purification of Schistosoma mansoni Antigens in Fusion with Rhizavidin. Mol Biotechnol. 2021 Nov; 63(11):983-991. View Abstract
  29. Fostering healthy aging: The interdependency of infections, immunity and frailty. Ageing Res Rev. 2021 08; 69:101351. View Abstract
  30. Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Transcriptome in Pediatric Soft Tissue Abscesses and Comparison to Murine Infections. Infect Immun. 2021 03 17; 89(4). View Abstract
  31. Prospective cohort study of children with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection presenting to paediatric emergency departments: a Paediatric Emergency Research Networks (PERN) Study Protocol. BMJ Open. 2021 01 15; 11(1):e042121. View Abstract
  32. Overview of the Nontyphoidal and Paratyphoidal Salmonella Vaccine Pipeline: Current Status and Future Prospects. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 07 29; 71(Suppl 2):S151-S154. View Abstract
  33. A Phase 1 Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Observer-blinded Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of Inactivated Streptococcus pneumoniae Whole-cell Vaccine in Adults. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020 04; 39(4):345-351. View Abstract
  34. Process intensification for production of Streptococcus pneumoniae whole-cell vaccine. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2020 06; 117(6):1661-1672. View Abstract
  35. Generation of protective pneumococcal-specific nasal resident memory CD4+ T cells via parenteral immunization. Mucosal Immunol. 2020 01; 13(1):172-182. View Abstract
  36. Effect of a pneumococcal whole cell vaccine on influenza A-induced pneumococcal otitis media in infant mice. Vaccine. 2019 06 06; 37(26):3495-3504. View Abstract
  37. Panproteome-wide analysis of antibody responses to whole cell pneumococcal vaccination. Elife. 2018 12 28; 7. View Abstract
  38. Introduction of New Journal Section-Translational Medicine. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2018 11; 37(11):1175. View Abstract
  39. Th17 responses to pneumococcus in blood and adenoidal cells in children. Clin Exp Immunol. 2019 02; 195(2):213-225. View Abstract
  40. Screening for Th17-Dependent Pneumococcal Vaccine Antigens: Comparison of Murine and Human Cellular Immune Responses. Infect Immun. 2018 11; 86(11). View Abstract
  41. Protection against Staphylococcus aureus Colonization and Infection by B- and T-Cell-Mediated Mechanisms. mBio. 2018 10 16; 9(5). View Abstract
  42. Evaluation of the Role of stat3 in Antibody and TH17-Mediated Responses to Pneumococcal Immunization and Infection by Use of a Mouse Model of Autosomal Dominant Hyper-IgE Syndrome. Infect Immun. 2018 05; 86(5). View Abstract
  43. The immunological mechanisms that control pneumococcal carriage. PLoS Pathog. 2017 12; 13(12):e1006665. View Abstract
  44. A Combination of Recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG Strains Expressing Pneumococcal Proteins Induces Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses and Protects against Pneumococcal Colonization and Sepsis. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2017 Oct; 24(10). View Abstract
  45. The Pneumococcal Type 1 Pilus Genes Are Thermoregulated and Are Repressed by a Member of the Snf2 Protein Family. J Bacteriol. 2017 08 01; 199(15). View Abstract
  46. Antibody-mediated protection against Staphylococcus aureus dermonecrosis and sepsis by a whole cell vaccine. Vaccine. 2017 07 05; 35(31):3834-3843. View Abstract
  47. Recombinant BCG expressing a PspA-PdT fusion protein protects mice against pneumococcal lethal challenge in a prime-boost strategy. Vaccine. 2017 03 23; 35(13):1683-1691. View Abstract
  48. IL-17A and complement contribute to killing of pneumococci following immunization with a pneumococcal whole cell vaccine. Vaccine. 2017 03 01; 35(9):1306-1315. View Abstract
  49. Heterozygosity for transmembrane activator and calcium modulator ligand interactor A144E causes haploinsufficiency and pneumococcal susceptibility in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017 Apr; 139(4):1293-1301.e4. View Abstract
  50. Rationale and prospects for novel pneumococcal vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016; 12(2):383-92. View Abstract
  51. Capsular Polysaccharide (CPS) Release by Serotype 3 Pneumococcal Strains Reduces the Protective Effect of Anti-Type 3 CPS Antibodies. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2016 02; 23(2):162-7. View Abstract
  52. Effect of Serotype on Pneumococcal Competition in a Mouse Colonization Model. mBio. 2015 Sep 15; 6(5):e00902-15. View Abstract
  53. T(H)17-Mediated Protection against Pneumococcal Carriage by a Whole-Cell Vaccine Is Dependent on Toll-Like Receptor 2 and Surface Lipoproteins. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2015 Aug; 22(8):909-16. View Abstract
  54. Effect of nonheme iron-containing ferritin Dpr in the stress response and virulence of pneumococci. Infect Immun. 2014 Sep; 82(9):3939-47. View Abstract
  55. The classical lancefield antigen of group a Streptococcus is a virulence determinant with implications for vaccine design. Cell Host Microbe. 2014 Jun 11; 15(6):729-740. View Abstract
  56. Toll-like receptor 2-dependent protection against pneumococcal carriage by immunization with lipidated pneumococcal proteins. Infect Immun. 2014 May; 82(5):2079-86. View Abstract
  57. Development of a whole cell pneumococcal vaccine: BPL inactivation, cGMP production, and stability. Vaccine. 2014 Feb 19; 32(9):1113-20. View Abstract
  58. Immunisation against meningococcus B. Lancet. 2013 Sep 07; 382(9895):857. View Abstract
  59. Multiple antigen-presenting system (MAPS) to induce comprehensive B- and T-cell immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Aug 13; 110(33):13564-9. View Abstract
  60. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 mediates inflammatory responses to oligomerized RrgA pneumococcal pilus type 1 protein. J Biol Chem. 2013 Jan 25; 288(4):2665-75. View Abstract
  61. Distinct effects on diversifying selection by two mechanisms of immunity against Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS Pathog. 2012; 8(11):e1002989. View Abstract
  62. Identification of protective pneumococcal T(H)17 antigens from the soluble fraction of a killed whole cell vaccine. PLoS One. 2012; 7(8):e43445. View Abstract
  63. Meta-analysis of bacterial meningitis score validation studies. Arch Dis Child. 2012 Sep; 97(9):799-805. View Abstract
  64. Broad antibody and T cell reactivity induced by a pneumococcal whole-cell vaccine. Vaccine. 2012 Jun 19; 30(29):4316-22. View Abstract
  65. Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage in the Gaza strip. PLoS One. 2012; 7(4):e35061. View Abstract
  66. Characterization of Th17 responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae in humans: comparisons between adults and children in a developed and a developing country. Vaccine. 2012 Jun 06; 30(26):3897-907. View Abstract
  67. A bivalent vaccine to protect against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Salmonella typhi. Vaccine. 2012 May 14; 30(23):3405-12. View Abstract
  68. Serotype-independent pneumococcal experimental vaccines that induce cellular as well as humoral immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Mar 06; 109(10):3623-7. View Abstract
  69. B cell-intrinsic deficiency of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) causes severe abnormalities of the peripheral B-cell compartment in mice. Blood. 2012 Mar 22; 119(12):2819-28. View Abstract
  70. An epigenetic switch mediates bistable expression of the type 1 pilus genes in Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Bacteriol. 2012 Mar; 194(5):1088-91. View Abstract
  71. Characterisation of regulatory T cells in nasal associated lymphoid tissue in children: relationships with pneumococcal colonization. PLoS Pathog. 2011 Aug; 7(8):e1002175. View Abstract
  72. Expression of the type 1 pneumococcal pilus is bistable and negatively regulated by the structural component RrgA. Infect Immun. 2011 Aug; 79(8):2974-83. View Abstract
  73. Next generation pneumococcal vaccines. Curr Opin Immunol. 2011 Jun; 23(3):407-13. View Abstract
  74. Serotype replacement in disease after pneumococcal vaccination. Lancet. 2011 Dec 03; 378(9807):1962-73. View Abstract
  75. T(H)17-based vaccine design for prevention of Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization. Cell Host Microbe. 2011 Feb 17; 9(2):158-65. View Abstract
  76. Low risk of bacterial meningitis in children with a positive enteroviral polymerase chain reaction test result. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Nov 15; 51(10):1221-2. View Abstract
  77. GMP-grade pneumococcal whole-cell vaccine injected subcutaneously protects mice from nasopharyngeal colonization and fatal aspiration-sepsis. Vaccine. 2010 Nov 03; 28(47):7468-75. View Abstract
  78. Re-emergence of the type 1 pilus among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Massachusetts, USA. Vaccine. 2010 Jul 05; 28(30):4842-6. View Abstract
  79. Options for inactivation, adjuvant, and route of topical administration of a killed, unencapsulated pneumococcal whole-cell vaccine. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2010 Jun; 17(6):1005-12. View Abstract
  80. Antibody and cell-mediated immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae: implications for vaccine development. J Mol Med (Berl). 2010 Feb; 88(2):135-42. View Abstract
  81. The role of complement in innate and adaptive immunity to pneumococcal colonization and sepsis in a murine model. Vaccine. 2010 Jan 08; 28(3):681-5. View Abstract
  82. Parental Staphylococcus aureus carriage is associated with staphylococcal carriage in young children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009 Nov; 28(11):960-5. View Abstract
  83. Mechanisms in the serotype-independent pneumococcal immunity induced in mice by intranasal vaccination with the cell wall polysaccharide. Microb Pathog. 2009 Sep; 47(3):177-82. View Abstract
  84. Pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide structure predicts serotype prevalence. PLoS Pathog. 2009 Jun; 5(6):e1000476. View Abstract
  85. Diagnostic value of immature neutrophils (bands) in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. Pediatrics. 2009 Jun; 123(6):e967-71. View Abstract
  86. The pneumococcal pilus predicts the absence of Staphylococcus aureus co-colonization in pneumococcal carriers. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Mar 15; 48(6):760-3. View Abstract
  87. Protection against Pneumococcal colonization and fatal pneumonia by a trivalent conjugate of a fusion protein with the cell wall polysaccharide. Infect Immun. 2009 May; 77(5):2076-83. View Abstract
  88. Micro-geographic risk factors for malarial infection. Malar J. 2009 Feb 13; 8:27. View Abstract
  89. Cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis in children in the era of bacterial conjugate vaccines: distinguishing the child with bacterial and aseptic meningitis. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009 Feb; 25(2):112-7; quiz 118-20. View Abstract
  90. Impaired innate and adaptive immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae and its effect on colonization in an infant mouse model. Infect Immun. 2009 Apr; 77(4):1613-22. View Abstract
  91. Vitamin D3 deficiency enhances contact hypersensitivity in male but not in female mice. Cell Immunol. 2009; 255(1-2):33-40. View Abstract
  92. Effect of antibiotic pretreatment on cerebrospinal fluid profiles of children with bacterial meningitis. Pediatrics. 2008 Oct; 122(4):726-30. View Abstract
  93. Interleukin-17A mediates acquired immunity to pneumococcal colonization. PLoS Pathog. 2008 Sep 19; 4(9):e1000159. View Abstract
  94. Does pneumococcal conjugate vaccine influence Staphylococcus aureus carriage in children? Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Jul 15; 47(2):289-91; author reply 291-2. View Abstract
  95. Children with bacterial meningitis presenting to the emergency department during the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era. Acad Emerg Med. 2008 Jun; 15(6):522-8. View Abstract
  96. Epidemiologic evidence for serotype-specific acquired immunity to pneumococcal carriage. J Infect Dis. 2008 Jun 01; 197(11):1511-8. View Abstract
  97. Protection against nasopharyngeal colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae is mediated by antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. Infect Immun. 2008 Jun; 76(6):2678-84. View Abstract
  98. In vitro bactericidal activity of Streptococcus pneumoniae and bactericidal susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from cocolonized versus noncocolonized children. J Clin Microbiol. 2008 Feb; 46(2):747-9. View Abstract
  99. Antibody-independent, CD4+ T-cell-dependent protection against pneumococcal colonization elicited by intranasal immunization with purified pneumococcal proteins. Infect Immun. 2007 Nov; 75(11):5460-4. View Abstract
  100. Serum antipneumococcal antibodies and pneumococcal colonization in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Infect Dis. 2007 Sep 15; 196(6):928-35. View Abstract
  101. SpxB is a suicide gene of Streptococcus pneumoniae and confers a selective advantage in an in vivo competitive colonization model. J Bacteriol. 2007 Sep; 189(18):6532-9. View Abstract
  102. Association of the pneumococcal pilus with certain capsular serotypes but not with increased virulence. J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Jun; 45(6):1684-9. View Abstract
  103. A novel role for IkappaB kinase (IKK) alpha and IKKbeta in ERK-dependent up-regulation of MUC5AC mucin transcription by Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Immunol. 2007 Feb 01; 178(3):1736-47. View Abstract
  104. Clinical prediction rule for identifying children with cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis at very low risk of bacterial meningitis. JAMA. 2007 Jan 03; 297(1):52-60. View Abstract
  105. Recombinant bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein rBPI21 protects against pneumococcal disease. Infect Immun. 2007 Jan; 75(1):342-9. View Abstract
  106. Interference between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus: In vitro hydrogen peroxide-mediated killing by Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Bacteriol. 2006 Jul; 188(13):4996-5001. View Abstract
  107. Antibody-independent, interleukin-17A-mediated, cross-serotype immunity to pneumococci in mice immunized intranasally with the cell wall polysaccharide. Infect Immun. 2006 Apr; 74(4):2187-95. View Abstract
  108. c-Jun kinase is a critical signaling molecule in a neonatal model of group B streptococcal sepsis. J Immunol. 2006 Mar 01; 176(5):3181-8. View Abstract
  109. The apoptotic response to pneumolysin is Toll-like receptor 4 dependent and protects against pneumococcal disease. Infect Immun. 2005 Oct; 73(10):6479-87. View Abstract
  110. Antibodies to conserved pneumococcal antigens correlate with, but are not required for, protection against pneumococcal colonization induced by prior exposure in a mouse model. Infect Immun. 2005 Oct; 73(10):7043-6. View Abstract
  111. CD4+ T cells mediate antibody-independent acquired immunity to pneumococcal colonization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Mar 29; 102(13):4848-53. View Abstract
  112. Are anticapsular antibodies the primary mechanism of protection against invasive pneumococcal disease? PLoS Med. 2005 Jan; 2(1):e15. View Abstract
  113. Cerebrospinal latex agglutination fails to contribute to the microbiologic diagnosis of pretreated children with meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004 Aug; 23(8):786-8. View Abstract
  114. Multiserotype protection of mice against pneumococcal colonization of the nasopharynx and middle ear by killed nonencapsulated cells given intranasally with a nontoxic adjuvant. Infect Immun. 2004 Jul; 72(7):4290-2. View Abstract
  115. Development of a model of focal pneumococcal pneumonia in young rats. J Immune Based Ther Vaccines. 2004 Jan 23; 2(1):2. View Abstract
  116. Recognition of pneumolysin by Toll-like receptor 4 confers resistance to pneumococcal infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Feb 18; 100(4):1966-71. View Abstract
  117. A new prognostic scoring system for meningococcal septic shock in children: comparison with three other scoring systems. Intensive Care Med. 2003 Feb; 29(2):333; author reply 334. View Abstract
  118. Factors associated with adverse outcomes in children with diabetic ketoacidosis-related cerebral edema. J Pediatr. 2002 Dec; 141(6):793-7. View Abstract
  119. Cellular activation, phagocytosis, and bactericidal activity against group B streptococcus involve parallel myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent and independent signaling pathways. J Immunol. 2002 Oct 01; 169(7):3970-7. View Abstract
  120. Development and validation of a multivariable predictive model to distinguish bacterial from aseptic meningitis in children in the post-Haemophilus influenzae era. Pediatrics. 2002 Oct; 110(4):712-9. View Abstract
  121. Donor immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and early protective antibody responses following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood. 2003 Feb 01; 101(3):831-6. View Abstract
  122. Extremity pain and refusal to walk in children with invasive meningococcal disease. Pediatrics. 2002 Jul; 110(1 Pt 1):e3. View Abstract
  123. Comparison of prediction models for adverse outcome in pediatric meningococcal disease using artificial neural network and logistic regression analyses. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002 Jul; 55(7):687-95. View Abstract
  124. Fatal disseminated Candida lusitaniae infection in an infant with chronic granulomatous disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002 Mar; 21(3):262-4. View Abstract
  125. Intranasal immunization with killed unencapsulated whole cells prevents colonization and invasive disease by capsulated pneumococci. Infect Immun. 2001 Aug; 69(8):4870-3. View Abstract
  126. Meningococcal disease among children who live in a large metropolitan area, 1981-1996. Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Apr 01; 32(7):1004-9. View Abstract
  127. Risk factors for cerebral edema in children with diabetic ketoacidosis. The Pediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics. N Engl J Med. 2001 Jan 25; 344(4):264-9. View Abstract
  128. Antibiotic treatment of children with unsuspected meningococcal disease. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000 Jun; 154(6):556-60. View Abstract
  129. Endocarditis caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000 Feb; 19(2):159-63. View Abstract
  130. Primary respiratory syncytial virus infection: pathology, immune response, and evaluation of vaccine challenge strains in a new mouse model. Vaccine. 2000 Jan 31; 18(14):1412-8. View Abstract
  131. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to assess respiratory syncytial virus concentration and correlate results with inflammatory mediators in tracheal secretions. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000 Jan; 19(1):1-7. View Abstract
  132. Carcinogen-modified dendritic cells induce immunosuppression by incomplete T-cell activation resulting from impaired antigen uptake and reduced CD86 expression. Immunology. 2000 Jan; 99(1):16-22. View Abstract
  133. Treatment of severe pertussis: a study of the safety and pharmacology of intravenous pertussis immunoglobulin. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999 Jun; 18(6):505-11. View Abstract
  134. Necrotizing fasciitis of the pharynx following adenotonsillectomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1999 Apr 25; 48(1):1-7. View Abstract
  135. Clinical and hematologic features do not reliably identify children with unsuspected meningococcal disease. Pediatrics. 1999 Feb; 103(2):E20. View Abstract
  136. Reduction of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in tracheal aspirates in intubated infants by use of humanized monoclonal antibody to RSV F protein. J Infect Dis. 1998 Dec; 178(6):1555-61. View Abstract
  137. Cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and prognosis in invasive meningococcal disease in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998 Oct; 17(10):855-9. View Abstract
  138. Anticapsular polysaccharide antibodies and nasopharyngeal colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae in infant rats. J Infect Dis. 1998 Sep; 178(3):878-82. View Abstract
  139. Minimum protective serum concentrations of pneumococcal anti-capsular antibodies in infant rats. J Infect Dis. 1998 Apr; 177(4):986-90. View Abstract
  140. Multivariable predictive models for adverse outcome of invasive meningococcal disease in children. J Pediatr. 1996 Nov; 129(5):702-10. View Abstract
  141. Psychologic and physiologic reactivity to stressors in eating disordered individuals. Psychosom Med. 1988 Nov-Dec; 50(6):591-9. View Abstract

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