Research Overview

Wayne Tworetzky's research interest is in the impact of fetal diagnosis on the in-utero and perinatal management of congenital heart disease. Recently Dr. Tworetzky has been instrumental in starting up a fetal cardiac intervention program in affiliation with the Advanced Fetal Care Center and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine at Brigham and Women's. The program is seeking to treat fetuses with severe aortic stenosis and other serious congenital heart defects. He is also working closely with the fetal surgeons in the animal research lab to develop techniques for fetal cardiac access and therapy.

Research Background

Wayne Tworetzky received his MD from the University of Stellen Bosch, South Africa. He completed an internship and residency at Groote Schuur Hospital in South Africa and second residency and fellowship at University of California, San Francisco.

 

Education

Medical School

University of Stellen Bosch
1985 Stellenbosch South Africa

Internship

Groote Schuur Hospital
1989 Cape Town South Africa

Residency

Groote Schuur Hospital
1993 Cape Town South Africa

Residency

UC San Francisco
1995 San Francisco CA

Fellowship

UC San Francisco
1999 San Francisco CA

Media

Caregiver Profile

Meet Dr. Wayne Tworetzky

Publications

  1. Maternal Vascular Malperfusion and Anatomic Cord Abnormalities Are Prevalent in Pregnancies With Fetal Congenital Heart Disease. Prenat Diagn. 2024 Aug 30. View Abstract
  2. Severe Features of Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis in Patients With Congenital Heart Disease. J Rheumatol. 2024 Aug 01; 51(8):811-817. View Abstract
  3. Transforming congenital heart disease management: Advances in fetal cardiac interventions. Prenat Diagn. 2024 06; 44(6-7):733-738. View Abstract
  4. Technical Success and Serious Adverse Events for Fetal Aortic Valvuloplasty in a Large 20-Year Cohort. JACC Adv. 2024 Mar; 3(3):100835. View Abstract
  5. High prevalence of left superior vena cava and congenital heart disease in patients with pre- and postnatally diagnosed esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2023 09; 62(3):439-440. View Abstract
  6. Associations Between Maternal Sociodemographics and Hospital Mortality in Newborns With Prenatally Diagnosed Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. Circulation. 2023 07 18; 148(3):283-285. View Abstract
  7. Knowledge is power: regarding SMFM Consult Series #64: Systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2023 10; 229(4):361-363. View Abstract
  8. Transuterine Ultrasound-Guided Fetal Embolization of Vein of Galen Malformation, Eliminating Postnatal Pathophysiology. Stroke. 2023 06; 54(6):e231-e232. View Abstract
  9. Implications of United States Supreme Court's ruling on Dobbs vs Jackson Women's Health Organization: perspective of physicians caring for critically ill fetuses and newborns. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2022 12; 60(6):812-813. View Abstract
  10. Early Experience With Reverse Double Switch Operation for the Borderline Left Heart. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2024 Spring; 36(1):67-79. View Abstract
  11. Technically successful fetal aortic valvuloplasty acutely improves left heart output. Prenat Diagn. 2022 10; 42(11):1466-1470. View Abstract
  12. Impact of maternal social vulnerability and timing of prenatal care on outcome of prenatally detected congenital heart disease. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2022 09; 60(3):346-358. View Abstract
  13. Hemodynamic and anatomic changes after fetal aortic valvuloplasty are associated with procedural success and postnatal biventricular circulation. Prenat Diagn. 2022 09; 42(10):1312-1322. View Abstract
  14. Percutaneous transuterine fetal cerebral embolisation to treat vein of Galen malformations at risk of urgent neonatal decompensation: study protocol for a clinical trial of safety and feasibility. BMJ Open. 2022 05 24; 12(5):e058147. View Abstract
  15. Fetal Brain Volume Predicts Neurodevelopment in Congenital Heart Disease. Circulation. 2022 04 12; 145(15):1108-1119. View Abstract
  16. Contemporary Outcomes in Tetralogy of Fallot With Absent Pulmonary Valve After Fetal Diagnosis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021 06 15; 10(12):e019713. View Abstract
  17. Impact of Socioeconomic Status, Race and Ethnicity, and Geography on Prenatal Detection of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and Transposition of the Great Arteries. Circulation. 2021 05 25; 143(21):2049-2060. View Abstract
  18. Late gestation predictors of a postnatal biventricular circulation after fetal aortic valvuloplasty. Prenat Diagn. 2021 03; 41(4):479-485. View Abstract
  19. Extracardiac Doppler indices predict perinatal mortality in fetuses with Ebstein anomaly and tricuspid valve dysplasia. Prenat Diagn. 2021 02; 41(3):332-340. View Abstract
  20. Effect of In Utero Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Therapy for Severe Ebstein Anomaly or Tricuspid Valve Dysplasia (NSAID Therapy for Fetal Ebstein anomaly). Am J Cardiol. 2021 02 15; 141:106-112. View Abstract
  21. Regional Brain Growth Trajectories in Fetuses with Congenital Heart Disease. Ann Neurol. 2021 01; 89(1):143-157. View Abstract
  22. Risk Factors for Mortality and Circulatory Outcome Among Neonates Prenatally Diagnosed With Ebstein Anomaly or Tricuspid Valve Dysplasia: A Multicenter Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020 11 03; 9(21):e016684. View Abstract
  23. Association of Isolated Congenital Heart Disease with Fetal Brain Maturation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2020 08; 41(8):1525-1531. View Abstract
  24. 1.5-Ventricle Repair Using Left Ventricle as the Subpulmonary Ventricle. Ann Thorac Surg. 2020 12; 110(6):e529-e530. View Abstract
  25. Low prenatal detection rate of valvar pulmonary stenosis: What are we missing? Prenat Diagn. 2020 07; 40(8):966-971. View Abstract
  26. Fetal Aortic Valvuloplasty for Evolving Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: A Decision Analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2020 04; 13(4):e006127. View Abstract
  27. Low mortality in fetal supraventricular tachycardia: Outcomes in a 30-year single-institution experience. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2020 05; 31(5):1105-1113. View Abstract
  28. Fetal cardiac interventions: Where do we stand? Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2020 Feb; 113(2):121-128. View Abstract
  29. Predictors of index admission mortality and morbidity in contemporary esophageal atresia patients. J Pediatr Surg. 2020 Nov; 55(11):2322-2328. View Abstract
  30. Cerebrovascular blood flow in patients with tetralogy of fallot: prediction for early surgical intervention. Prenat Diagn. 2019 12; 39(13):1184-1190. View Abstract
  31. Early-Emerging Sulcal Patterns Are Atypical in Fetuses with Congenital Heart Disease. Cereb Cortex. 2019 07 22; 29(8):3605-3616. View Abstract
  32. Echocardiographic predictors of neonatal illness severity in fetuses with critical left heart obstruction with intact or restrictive atrial septum. Prenat Diagn. 2018 09; 38(10):788-794. View Abstract
  33. Improved technical success, postnatal outcome and refined predictors of outcome for fetal aortic valvuloplasty. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2018 08; 52(2):212-220. View Abstract
  34. Clinical and Hemodynamic Results After Conversion from Single to Biventricular Circulation After Fetal Aortic Stenosis Intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2018 08 01; 122(3):511-516. View Abstract
  35. Early hemodynamic changes after fetal aortic stenosis valvuloplasty predict biventricular circulation at birth. Prenat Diagn. 2018 03; 38(4):286-292. View Abstract
  36. Myocardial injury in fetal aortic stenosis: Insights from amniotic fluid analysis. Prenat Diagn. 2018 02; 38(3):190-195. View Abstract
  37. Fetal interventions for structural heart disease. Echocardiography. 2017 12; 34(12):1834-1841. View Abstract
  38. Cardiac output and blood flow redistribution in fetuses with D-loop transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum: insights into pathophysiology. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Nov; 50(5):612-617. View Abstract
  39. The boundaries of fetal cardiac intervention: Expand or tighten? Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017 12; 22(6):399-403. View Abstract
  40. Right Atrial Dysfunction in the Fetus with Severely Regurgitant Tricuspid Valve Disease: A Potential Source of Cardiovascular Compromise. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2017 Jun; 30(6):579-588. View Abstract
  41. Sonographic Pulmonary Abnormalities in Fetuses With Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and Intact Atrial Septum Undergoing Attempted Atrial Septostomy In Utero. Ultrasound Q. 2017 Mar; 33(1):82-85. View Abstract
  42. Neurodevelopmental Outcome in Children after Fetal Cardiac Intervention for Aortic Stenosis with Evolving Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. J Pediatr. 2017 05; 184:130-136.e4. View Abstract
  43. Umbilical Venous Catheter Malposition Is Associated with Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Premature Infants. Neonatology. 2017; 111(4):337-343. View Abstract
  44. The Fetus with Ectopia Cordis: Experience and Expectations from Two Centers. Pediatr Cardiol. 2017 Mar; 38(3):531-538. View Abstract
  45. Assessment of Progressive Pathophysiology After Early Prenatal Diagnosis of the Ebstein Anomaly or Tricuspid Valve Dysplasia. Am J Cardiol. 2017 Jan 01; 119(1):106-111. View Abstract
  46. Assessment of the Melody valve in the mitral position in young children by echocardiography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017 01; 153(1):153-160.e1. View Abstract
  47. Detection and successful treatment of emergent anti-SSA-mediated fetal atrioventricular block. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Oct; 215(4):527-8. View Abstract
  48. WITHDRAWN: Detection and successful treatment of emergent anti-SSA mediated fetal atrioventricular block. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016 07 09. View Abstract
  49. Cardiac Findings in the Fetus with Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation Are Associated with Adverse Outcome. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2017; 41(2):108-114. View Abstract
  50. Fetal interventions for congenital heart disease. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2016 Apr; 28(2):156-62. View Abstract
  51. Brain Injury in Neonates with Complex Congenital Heart Disease: What Is the Predictive Value of MRI in the Fetal Period? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2016 Jul; 37(7):1338-46. View Abstract
  52. International Fetal Cardiac Intervention Registry: A Worldwide Collaborative Description and Preliminary Outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015 Jul 28; 66(4):388-99. View Abstract
  53. Outcomes and Predictors of Perinatal Mortality in Fetuses With Ebstein Anomaly or Tricuspid Valve Dysplasia in the Current Era: A Multicenter Study. Circulation. 2015 Aug 11; 132(6):481-9. View Abstract
  54. Left Ventricular Remodeling and Function in Children with Biventricular Circulation After Fetal Aortic Valvuloplasty. Pediatr Cardiol. 2015 Oct; 36(7):1502-9. View Abstract
  55. Prenatal diagnosis of transposition of the great arteries over a 20-year period: improved but imperfect. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Jun; 45(6):678-82. View Abstract
  56. Perinatal outcome after prenatal diagnosis of single-ventricle cardiac defects. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Jun; 45(6):657-63. View Abstract
  57. Low rate of prenatal diagnosis among neonates with critical aortic stenosis: insight into the natural history in utero. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Mar; 45(3):326-32. View Abstract
  58. Fetal aortic valvuloplasty for evolving hypoplastic left heart syndrome: postnatal outcomes of the first 100 patients. Circulation. 2014 Aug 19; 130(8):638-45. View Abstract
  59. Percutaneous fetal cardiac interventions for structural heart disease. Am J Perinatol. 2014 Aug; 31(7):629-36. View Abstract
  60. Perinatal and infant outcomes of prenatal diagnosis of heterotaxy syndrome (asplenia and polysplenia). Am J Cardiol. 2014 Aug 15; 114(4):612-7. View Abstract
  61. Diagnosis and treatment of fetal cardiac disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014 May 27; 129(21):2183-242. View Abstract
  62. Left ventricular diastolic function and characteristics in fetal aortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol. 2014 Jul 01; 114(1):122-7. View Abstract
  63. Technical challenges of atrial septal stent placement in fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and intact atrial septum. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2014 Jul 01; 84(1):77-85. View Abstract
  64. Perinatal outcome in fetuses with heterotaxy syndrome and atrioventricular block or bradycardia. Pediatr Cardiol. 2014 Aug; 35(6):906-13. View Abstract
  65. Ventricular strain in fetuses with aortic stenosis and evolving hypoplastic left heart syndrome before and after prenatal aortic valvuloplasty. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2014; 35(1):18-26. View Abstract
  66. Biventricular conversion after single ventricle palliation in patients with small left heart structures: short-term outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013 Oct; 96(4):1406-1412. View Abstract
  67. Midgestation fetal pulmonary annulus size is predictive of outcome in tetralogy of fallot. Congenit Heart Dis. 2014 May-Jun; 9(3):187-93. View Abstract
  68. Staged left ventricular recruitment after single-ventricle palliation in patients with borderline left heart hypoplasia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Nov 06; 60(19):1966-74. View Abstract
  69. Delayed cortical development in fetuses with complex congenital heart disease. Cereb Cortex. 2013 Dec; 23(12):2932-43. View Abstract
  70. Left ventricular function and geometry in fetuses with severe tricuspid regurgitation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Jul; 40(1):55-61. View Abstract
  71. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome: current considerations and expectations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Jan 03; 59(1 Suppl):S1-42. View Abstract
  72. Ebstein's malformation of the tricuspid valve: short-term outcomes of the "cone procedure" versus conventional surgery. Congenit Heart Dis. 2012 Jan-Feb; 7(1):50-8. View Abstract
  73. Circumferential and longitudinal ventricular strain in the normal human fetus. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2012 Jan; 25(1):105-11. View Abstract
  74. Postnatal left ventricular diastolic function after fetal aortic valvuloplasty. Am J Cardiol. 2011 Aug 15; 108(4):556-60. View Abstract
  75. Early reintervention on the pulmonary arteries and right ventricular outflow tract after neonatal or early infant repair of truncus arteriosus using homograft conduits. Am J Cardiol. 2011 Jul 01; 108(1):106-13. View Abstract
  76. 2010 Report from the ISPD Special Interest Group fetal therapy: fetal cardiac interventions. Prenat Diagn. 2011 Mar; 31(3):249-51. View Abstract
  77. Aortic stenosis and severe mitral regurgitation in the fetus resulting in giant left atrium and hydrops: pathophysiology, outcomes, and preliminary experience with pre-natal cardiac intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Jan 18; 57(3):348-55. View Abstract
  78. The Fetus as a Cardiac Patient: Assessment and Therapy of Cardiovascular Pathology before Birth. Int J Pediatr. 2010; 2010:974520. View Abstract
  79. Assessment of left ventricular endocardial fibroelastosis in fetuses with aortic stenosis and evolving hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2010 Dec 15; 106(12):1792-7. View Abstract
  80. Validation of 3D echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular volumes, mass, and ejection fraction in neonates and infants with congenital heart disease: a comparison study with cardiac MRI. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010 Nov; 3(6):735-42. View Abstract
  81. Current status of fetal cardiac intervention. Circulation. 2010 Mar 16; 121(10):1256-63. View Abstract
  82. Significance and outcome of left heart hypoplasia in fetal congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Mar; 35(3):310-7. View Abstract
  83. Fetal diagnosis of interrupted aortic arch. Am J Cardiol. 2010 Mar 01; 105(5):727-34. View Abstract
  84. Cerebral blood flow characteristics and biometry in fetuses undergoing prenatal intervention for aortic stenosis with evolving hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2010 Jan; 36(1):29-37. View Abstract
  85. Brain volume and metabolism in fetuses with congenital heart disease: evaluation with quantitative magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Circulation. 2010 Jan 05; 121(1):26-33. View Abstract
  86. Reversible ductus arteriosus constriction due to maternal indomethacin after fetal intervention for hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact/restrictive atrial septum. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2010; 27(1):40-5. View Abstract
  87. Postnatal angiographic appearance of left ventricular myocardium in fetal patients with aortic stenosis having in-utero aortic valvuloplasty. Am J Cardiol. 2009 Nov 01; 104(9):1271-5. View Abstract
  88. Primary left ventricular rehabilitation is effective in maintaining two-ventricle physiology in the borderline left heart. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009 Dec; 138(6):1276-82. View Abstract
  89. Predictors of technical success and postnatal biventricular outcome after in utero aortic valvuloplasty for aortic stenosis with evolving hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Circulation. 2009 Oct 13; 120(15):1482-90. View Abstract
  90. In utero valvuloplasty for pulmonary atresia with hypoplastic right ventricle: techniques and outcomes. Pediatrics. 2009 Sep; 124(3):e510-8. View Abstract
  91. Association of socioeconomic position and medical insurance with fetal diagnosis of critical congenital heart disease. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2009 Jul; 2(4):354-60. View Abstract
  92. Cardiac anomalies in the fetus. Clin Perinatol. 2009 Jun; 36(2):439-49, xi. View Abstract
  93. Truncus arteriosus: diagnostic accuracy, outcomes, and impact of prenatal diagnosis. Pediatr Cardiol. 2009 Apr; 30(3):256-61. View Abstract
  94. Results of in utero atrial septoplasty in fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Prenat Diagn. 2008 Nov; 28(11):1023-8. View Abstract
  95. A vision for an International Society for Fetal and Perinatal Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2008 Oct; 20(5):532-7. View Abstract
  96. Outcome of fetuses and infants with double inlet single left ventricle. Am J Cardiol. 2008 Jun 01; 101(11):1652-6. View Abstract
  97. Matrix-array 3-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of volumes, mass, and ejection fraction in young pediatric patients with a functional single ventricle: a comparison study with cardiac magnetic resonance. Circulation. 2008 Apr 08; 117(14):1842-8. View Abstract
  98. Fast block flow tracking of atrial septal defects in 4D echocardiography. Med Image Anal. 2008 Aug; 12(4):397-412. View Abstract
  99. Changes in left heart hemodynamics after technically successful in-utero aortic valvuloplasty. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Oct; 30(5):715-20. View Abstract
  100. Pathophysiology, management, and outcomes of fetal hemodynamic instability during prenatal cardiac intervention. Pediatr Res. 2007 Sep; 62(3):325-30. View Abstract
  101. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact or highly restrictive atrial septum: surgical experience from a single center. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007 Aug; 84(2):581-5; discussion 586. View Abstract
  102. Outcome after prenatal diagnosis of tricuspid atresia: a multicenter experience. Am Heart J. 2007 May; 153(5):772-8. View Abstract
  103. Fetal tricuspid valve size and growth as predictors of outcome in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. Pediatrics. 2006 Aug; 118(2):e415-20. View Abstract
  104. Factors affecting technical success of fetal aortic valve dilation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Jul; 28(1):47-52. View Abstract
  105. Fetal aortic valve stenosis and the evolution of hypoplastic left heart syndrome: patient selection for fetal intervention. Circulation. 2006 Mar 21; 113(11):1401-5. View Abstract
  106. Usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging of left ventricular endocardial fibroelastosis in infants after fetal intervention for aortic valve stenosis. Am J Cardiol. 2005 Dec 01; 96(11):1568-70. View Abstract
  107. In-utero intervention for hypoplastic left heart syndrome--a perinatologist's perspective. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Oct; 26(5):481-6. View Abstract
  108. Aortic valvuloplasty in the fetus: technical characteristics of successful balloon dilation. J Pediatr. 2005 Oct; 147(4):535-9. View Abstract
  109. Improving outcomes in fetuses and neonates with congenital displacement (Ebstein's malformation) or dysplasia of the tricuspid valve. Am J Cardiol. 2005 Aug 15; 96(4):582-6. View Abstract
  110. Fetal interventions for cardiac defects. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2004 Dec; 51(6):1503-13, vii. View Abstract
  111. Balloon dilation of severe aortic stenosis in the fetus: potential for prevention of hypoplastic left heart syndrome: candidate selection, technique, and results of successful intervention. Circulation. 2004 Oct 12; 110(15):2125-31. View Abstract
  112. Creation of an atrial septal defect in utero for fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and intact or highly restrictive atrial septum. Circulation. 2004 Jul 20; 110(3):253-8. View Abstract
  113. Pulmonary venous pathway obstruction from recurrent restriction at atrial septum late after Fontan procedure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004 Jan; 127(1):281-3. View Abstract
  114. Balloon valvuloplasty for congenital heart disease in the fetus. Clin Perinatol. 2003 Sep; 30(3):541-50. View Abstract
  115. Association between cardiac tumors and tuberous sclerosis in the fetus and neonate. Am J Cardiol. 2003 Aug 15; 92(4):487-9. View Abstract
  116. Effects of losartan in patients with a systemically functioning morphologic right ventricle after atrial repair of transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol. 2001 Dec 01; 88(11):1314-6. View Abstract
  117. Improved surgical outcome after fetal diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Circulation. 2001 Mar 06; 103(9):1269-73. View Abstract
  118. Inhaled nitric oxide in neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension. Lancet. 2001 Jan 13; 357(9250):118-20. View Abstract
  119. Balloon arterioplasty of recurrent coarctation after the modified Norwood procedure in infants. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2000 May; 50(1):54-8. View Abstract
  120. Incidence and implications of systemic to pulmonary collaterals after bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000 Apr; 69(4):1222-8. View Abstract
  121. Pulmonary blood flow alters nitric oxide production in patients undergoing device closure of atrial septal defects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 Feb; 35(2):463-7. View Abstract
  122. Issues and outcomes in the management of supravalvar aortic stenosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000 Feb; 69(2):562-7. View Abstract
  123. Congenital obstructive lesions of the right aortic arch. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999 Apr; 67(4):1194-202. View Abstract
  124. Multiple ventricular septal defects: how and when should they be repaired? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999 Jan; 117(1):134-9; discussion 39-40. View Abstract
  125. Echocardiographic diagnosis alone for the complete repair of major congenital heart defects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999 Jan; 33(1):228-33. View Abstract
  126. Early and late results after repair of aortopulmonary septal defect and associated anomalies in infants <6 months of age. Am J Cardiol. 1998 Jan 15; 81(2):195-201. View Abstract

Contact Wayne Tworetzky