Research Overview

The Morton Lab aims to advancing our understanding of the neonatal health and disease with the goal of improving diagnosis and personalized care through gene discovery, functional analysis of patient variants, and identifying biomarkers of neonatal outcomes. Specifically, we focus on the genetics of congenital heart disease, and early influence on neurodevelopment.

Combining the perspectives of developmental biology, human genetics, and neonatology, our group is focused on understanding mechanisms of neonatal disease to improve diagnoses and enable new therapeutics. We aim to be interdisciplinary to gain new perspectives on science, so our work is very collaborative including ongoing projects with colleagues in the Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, the Department of Cardiology, and the National Pediatric Cardiac Genomics Consortium.

Research Background

 Sarah Morton, MD, PhD studied Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Michigan before obtaining her MD/PhD at the University of California, San Francisco. During her PhD in developmental biology, she studied microRNA regulation of heart development in the laboratory of Dr. Deepak Srivastava. After medical school she competed pediatrics residency at the Boston Combined Residency Program followed by neonatology fellowship in the Harvard Neonatal-Perinatal Fellowship Training Program. After her clinical training, she was a postdoctoral research fellow in the laboratory of Christine and Jonathan Seidman at the Department of Genetics, where she trained in computational biology and human genetics.

In addition to research, Sarah co-chairs the NICU Nutrition Committee and is co-director of the Newborn Medicine Summer Student Research Program. Sarah also helps to organize the weekly Broad Medical and Population Group Primer series, which can be accessed here.

Education

Undergraduate School

University of Michigan
2003 Ann Arbor MI

Medical School

University of California
2010 San Francisco CA

Internship

Boston Combined Residency Program (BCRP)
2011 Boston MA

Residency

Boston Combined Residency Program (BCRP)
2012 Boston MA

Fellowship

Harvard Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine Fellowship Training Program
2016 Boston MA

Publications

  1. Noncoding variants and sulcal patterns in congenital heart disease: Machine learning to predict functional impact. iScience. 2025 Feb 21; 28(2):111707. View Abstract
  2. Exome and Genome Sequencing to Diagnose the Genetic Basis of Neonatal Hypotonia: An International Consortium Study. Neurology. 2025 Jan 14; 104(1):e210106. View Abstract
  3. A Systematic Review of Human Paenibacillus Infections and Comparison of Adult and Pediatric Cases. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2024 Dec 18. View Abstract
  4. Hospital-wide access to genomic data advanced pediatric rare disease research and clinical outcomes. NPJ Genom Med. 2024 Dec 02; 9(1):60. View Abstract
  5. Genome Sequencing is Critical for Forecasting Outcomes Following Congenital Cardiac Surgery. medRxiv. 2024 Nov 15. View Abstract
  6. Detection of neurologic changes in critically ill infants using deep learning on video data: a retrospective single center cohort study. EClinicalMedicine. 2024 Dec; 78:102919. View Abstract
  7. Placental-Heart Axis: An Evolutionary Perspective. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Oct 18; 25(20). View Abstract
  8. Lifespan health with congenital heart disease: Considering cancer-associated mortality. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2024 Dec; 71(12):e31349. View Abstract
  9. Maternal Vascular Malperfusion and Anatomic Cord Abnormalities Are Prevalent in Pregnancies With Fetal Congenital Heart Disease. Prenat Diagn. 2024 Aug 30. View Abstract
  10. Predictive modeling of endocardial fibroelastosis recurrence in patients with congenital heart disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2025 Feb; 169(2):366-374. View Abstract
  11. Identifying novel data-driven subgroups in congenital heart disease using multi-modal measures of brain structure. Neuroimage. 2024 Aug 15; 297:120721. View Abstract
  12. Accurate prediction of neurologic changes in critically ill infants using pose AI. medRxiv. 2024 Jun 10. View Abstract
  13. Meta-regression of sulcal patterns, clinical and environmental factors on neurodevelopmental outcomes in participants with multiple CHD types. Cereb Cortex. 2024 06 04; 34(6). View Abstract
  14. Increased endothelial sclerostin caused by elevated DSCAM mediates multiple trisomy 21 phenotypes. J Clin Invest. 2024 Jun 03; 134(11). View Abstract
  15. The Evolving Role of Genetic Evaluation in the Prenatal Diagnosis and Management of Congenital Heart Disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2024 May 30; 11(6). View Abstract
  16. Preliminary report of a thoracic duct-to-pulmonary vein lymphovenous anastomosis in swine: A novel technique and potential treatment for lymphatic failure. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2024 Jun; 33(3):151427. View Abstract
  17. Who Still Gets Ligated? Reasons for Persistence of Surgical Ligation of the Patent Ductus Arteriosus Following Availability of Transcatheter Device Occlusion for Premature Neonates. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2024 Apr 23; 11(5). View Abstract
  18. Genomic testing and molecular diagnosis among infants with congenital heart disease in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Perinatol. 2024 Aug; 44(8):1196-1202. View Abstract
  19. A genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies BRD4 as a regulator of cardiomyocyte differentiation. Nat Cardiovasc Res. 2024 03; 3(3):317-331. View Abstract
  20. Functional dissection of human cardiac enhancers and noncoding de novo variants in congenital heart disease. Nat Genet. 2024 Mar; 56(3):420-430. View Abstract
  21. Genetics and etiology of congenital heart disease. Curr Top Dev Biol. 2024; 156:297-331. View Abstract
  22. Association of genetic and sulcal traits with executive function in congenital heart disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2024 02; 11(2):278-290. View Abstract
  23. Establishing a neonatology consultation program: extending care beyond the neonatal intensive care unit. J Perinatol. 2024 Mar; 44(3):458-463. View Abstract
  24. Pediatric Intubations in a Semiurban Helicopter Emergency Medicine Service: A Retrospective Review. Air Med J. 2024 Mar-Apr; 43(2):106-110. View Abstract
  25. Mutations in genes related to myocyte contraction and ventricular septum development in non-syndromic tetralogy of Fallot. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023; 10:1249605. View Abstract
  26. Human Paenibacillus Infections: A Systematic Review with Comparison of Adult and Infant Cases. medRxiv. 2023 Sep 20. View Abstract
  27. Neonatal Paenibacilliosis: Paenibacillus Infection as a Novel Cause of Sepsis in Term Neonates With High Risk of Sequelae in Uganda. Clin Infect Dis. 2023 09 11; 77(5):768-775. View Abstract
  28. Association of cerebral metabolic rate following therapeutic hypothermia with 18-month neurodevelopmental outcomes after neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. EBioMedicine. 2023 Aug; 94:104673. View Abstract
  29. Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Phosphorylated Cis-Tau Antibody in a Pig Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Biomedicines. 2023 Jun 24; 11(7). View Abstract
  30. Paenibacillus spp infection among infants with postinfectious hydrocephalus in Uganda: an observational case-control study. Lancet Microbe. 2023 08; 4(8):e601-e611. View Abstract
  31. Preterm congenital heart disease and neurodevelopment: the importance of looking beyond the initial hospitalization. J Perinatol. 2023 07; 43(7):958-962. View Abstract
  32. Contribution of Previously Unrecognized RNA Splice-Altering Variants to Congenital Heart Disease. Circ Genom Precis Med. 2023 06; 16(3):224-231. View Abstract
  33. Challenges in the clinical understanding of genetic testing in birth defects and pediatric diseases. Transl Pediatr. 2023 May 30; 12(5):1028-1040. View Abstract
  34. Evidence-Based Assessment of Congenital Heart Disease Genes to Enable Returning Results in a Genomic Study. Circ Genom Precis Med. 2023 04; 16(2):e003791. View Abstract
  35. Pushing Yourself to the Maximum: What Do Prehospital Interventions Do to the Heart Rates of the Prehospital Team Involved? A Case Report. Air Med J. 2023 May-Jun; 42(3):210-212. View Abstract
  36. Tethered cord syndrome in KBG syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2023 05; 191(5):1222-1226. View Abstract
  37. Association of Potentially Damaging De Novo Gene Variants With Neurologic Outcomes in Congenital Heart Disease. JAMA Netw Open. 2023 01 03; 6(1):e2253191. View Abstract
  38. Type IV Pili Are a Critical Virulence Factor in Clinical Isolates of Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus. mBio. 2022 12 20; 13(6):e0268822. View Abstract
  39. The Genetics of Neurodevelopment in Congenital Heart Disease. Can J Cardiol. 2023 02; 39(2):97-114. View Abstract
  40. Fetal Disseminated Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor. Neoreviews. 2022 08 01; 23(8):e595-e602. View Abstract
  41. What works to reduce sedentary behavior in the office, and could these intervention components transfer to the home working environment?: A rapid review and transferability appraisal. Front Sports Act Living. 2022; 4:954639. View Abstract
  42. A Role for Data Science in Precision Nutrition and Early Brain Development. Front Psychiatry. 2022; 13:892259. View Abstract
  43. mirTarRnaSeq: An R/Bioconductor Statistical Package for miRNA-mRNA Target Identification and Interaction Analysis. BMC Genomics. 2022 Jun 13; 23(1):439. View Abstract
  44. Premature Infants Have Normal Maturation of the T Cell Receptor Repertoire at Term. Front Immunol. 2022; 13:854414. View Abstract
  45. Increased Breastfeeding Proportion Is Associated with Improved Gross Motor Skills at 3-5 Years of Age: A Pilot Study. Nutrients. 2022 May 26; 14(11). View Abstract
  46. An ancient founder mutation located between ROBO1 and ROBO2 is responsible for increased microtia risk in Amerindigenous populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 05 24; 119(21):e2203928119. View Abstract
  47. Neither cardiac mitochondrial DNA variation nor copy number contribute to congenital heart disease risk. Am J Hum Genet. 2022 05 05; 109(5):961-966. View Abstract
  48. Multicenter Consensus Approach to Evaluation of Neonatal Hypotonia in the Genomic Era: A Review. JAMA Neurol. 2022 04 01; 79(4):405-413. View Abstract
  49. Training pathways and careers for neonatologists interested in cardiovascular care. J Perinatol. 2022 04; 42(4):534-539. View Abstract
  50. Transcription factor protein interactomes reveal genetic determinants in heart disease. Cell. 2022 03 03; 185(5):794-814.e30. View Abstract
  51. Cytomegalovirus infections in infants in Uganda: Newborn-mother pairs, neonates with sepsis, and infants with hydrocephalus. Int J Infect Dis. 2022 May; 118:24-33. View Abstract
  52. Genome-Wide De Novo Variants in Congenital Heart Disease Are Not Associated With Maternal Diabetes or Obesity. Circ Genom Precis Med. 2022 04; 15(2):e003500. View Abstract
  53. Assessment of Maternal Macular Pigment Optical Density (MPOD) as a Potential Marker for Dietary Carotenoid Intake during Lactation in Humans. Nutrients. 2021 Dec 31; 14(1). View Abstract
  54. Reducing Benzodiazepine Exposure by Instituting a Guideline for Dexmedetomidine Usage in the NICU. Pediatrics. 2021 11 01; 148(5). View Abstract
  55. Reducing Benzodiazepine Exposure by Instituting a Guideline for Dexmedetomidine Usage in the NICU. Pediatrics. 2021 11 01; 148(5). View Abstract
  56. Reducing Benzodiazepine Exposure by Instituting a Guideline for Dexmedetomidine Usage in the NICU. Pediatrics. 2021 11; 148(5). View Abstract
  57. Abnormal Right-Hemispheric Sulcal Patterns Correlate with Executive Function in Adolescents with Tetralogy of Fallot. Cereb Cortex. 2021 08 26; 31(10):4670-4680. View Abstract
  58. Genomic frontiers in congenital heart disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2022 01; 19(1):26-42. View Abstract
  59. REPORT-PFP: a consensus from the International Patellofemoral Research Network to improve REPORTing of quantitative PatelloFemoral Pain studies. Br J Sports Med. 2021 Oct; 55(20):1135-1143. View Abstract
  60. Quantification of magnetic resonance spectroscopy data using a combined reference: Application in typically developing infants. NMR Biomed. 2021 07; 34(7):e4520. View Abstract
  61. Association of Damaging Variants in Genes With Increased Cancer Risk Among Patients With Congenital Heart Disease. JAMA Cardiol. 2021 04 01; 6(4):457-462. View Abstract
  62. Immune activation during Paenibacillus brain infection in African infants with frequent cytomegalovirus co-infection. iScience. 2021 Apr 23; 24(4):102351. View Abstract
  63. microRNA-mRNA Profile of Skeletal Muscle Differentiation and Relevance to Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Mar 07; 22(5). View Abstract
  64. Mechanisms of Congenital Heart Disease Caused by NAA15 Haploinsufficiency. Circ Res. 2021 04 16; 128(8):1156-1169. View Abstract
  65. Rare genetic variation at transcription factor binding sites modulates local DNA methylation profiles. PLoS Genet. 2020 11; 16(11):e1009189. View Abstract
  66. GATA6 mutations in hiPSCs inform mechanisms for maldevelopment of the heart, pancreas, and diaphragm. Elife. 2020 10 15; 9. View Abstract
  67. Paenibacillus infection with frequent viral coinfection contributes to postinfectious hydrocephalus in Ugandan infants. Sci Transl Med. 2020 09 30; 12(563). View Abstract
  68. Association of nucleated red blood cell count with mortality among neonatal intensive care unit patients. Pediatr Neonatol. 2020 12; 61(6):592-597. View Abstract
  69. De Novo Damaging Variants, Clinical Phenotypes, and Post-Operative Outcomes in Congenital Heart Disease. Circ Genom Precis Med. 2020 08; 13(4):e002836. View Abstract
  70. Genomic analyses implicate noncoding de novo variants in congenital heart disease. Nat Genet. 2020 08; 52(8):769-777. View Abstract
  71. Congenital Heart Defects Due to TAF1 Missense Variants. Circ Genom Precis Med. 2020 06; 13(3):e002843. View Abstract
  72. EM-mosaic detects mosaic point mutations that contribute to congenital heart disease. Genome Med. 2020 04 29; 12(1):42. View Abstract
  73. Maternal Dietary Intake of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Correlates Positively with Regional Brain Volumes in 1-Month-Old Term Infants. Cereb Cortex. 2020 04 14; 30(4):2057-2069. View Abstract
  74. Abnormal Left-Hemispheric Sulcal Patterns Correlate with Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Subjects with Single Ventricular Congenital Heart Disease. Cereb Cortex. 2020 03 21; 30(2):476-487. View Abstract
  75. Screening With Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Increased Iron Sufficiency Among NICU Patients. Pediatr Qual Saf. 2020 Mar-Apr; 5(2):e258. View Abstract
  76. Stop the stereotypes - Women should not have to prove their non-inferiority. Am J Emerg Med. 2020 01; 38(1):154-155. View Abstract
  77. Psychosocial Stress and Adversity: Effects from the Perinatal Period to Adulthood. Neoreviews. 2019 12; 20(12):e686-e696. View Abstract
  78. ORE identifies extreme expression effects enriched for rare variants. Bioinformatics. 2019 10 15; 35(20):3906-3912. View Abstract
  79. Paternal-age-related de novo mutations and risk for five disorders. Nat Commun. 2019 07 10; 10(1):3043. View Abstract
  80. Mammalian Hbs1L deficiency causes congenital anomalies and developmental delay associated with Pelota depletion and 80S monosome accumulation. PLoS Genet. 2019 02; 15(2):e1007917. View Abstract
  81. Response to Brodehl et al. Genet Med. 2019 05; 21(5):1248-1249. View Abstract
  82. Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies a Susceptibility Locus for Comitant Esotropia and Suggests a Parent-of-Origin Effect. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018 08 01; 59(10):4054-4064. View Abstract
  83. Genome sequencing as a first-line genetic test in familial dilated cardiomyopathy. Genet Med. 2019 03; 21(3):650-662. View Abstract
  84. Reducing time to initiation and advancement of enteral feeding in an all-referral neonatal intensive care unit. J Perinatol. 2018 07; 38(7):936-943. View Abstract
  85. Getting evidence into action to tackle institutional child abuse. Child Abuse Negl. 2017 Dec; 74:111-114. View Abstract
  86. Contribution of rare inherited and de novo variants in 2,871 congenital heart disease probands. Nat Genet. 2017 Nov; 49(11):1593-1601. View Abstract
  87. Homozygous EEF1A2 mutation causes dilated cardiomyopathy, failure to thrive, global developmental delay, epilepsy and early death. Hum Mol Genet. 2017 09 15; 26(18):3545-3552. View Abstract
  88. Patellar Tendinopathy and Potential Risk Factors: An International Database of Cases and Controls. Clin J Sport Med. 2017 Sep; 27(5):468-474. View Abstract
  89. AIFM1 mutation presenting with fatal encephalomyopathy and mitochondrial disease in an infant. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud. 2017 03; 3(2):a001560. View Abstract
  90. Hyperammonemia as a Presenting Feature in Two Siblings with FBXL4 Variants. JIMD Rep. 2017; 35:7-15. View Abstract
  91. Separating Putative Pathogens from Background Contamination with Principal Orthogonal Decomposition: Evidence for Leptospira in the Ugandan Neonatal Septisome. Front Med (Lausanne). 2016; 3:22. View Abstract
  92. Fetal Physiology and the Transition to Extrauterine Life. Clin Perinatol. 2016 Sep; 43(3):395-407. View Abstract
  93. Treatment options for apnoea of prematurity. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2016 Jul; 101(4):F352-6. View Abstract
  94. High volume image guided injections and structured rehabilitation in shoulder impingement syndrome: a retrospective study. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2015 Jul-Sep; 5(3):195-9. View Abstract
  95. High volume image-guided injections and structured rehabilitation improve greater trochanter pain syndrome in the short and medium term: a combined retrospective and prospective case series. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2015 Apr-Jun; 5(2):73-87. View Abstract
  96. Skeletal muscle microRNA and messenger RNA profiling in cofilin-2 deficient mice reveals cell cycle dysregulation hindering muscle regeneration. PLoS One. 2015; 10(4):e0123829. View Abstract
  97. Equivalence of online and clinician administration of a patellar tendinopathy risk factor and severity questionnaire. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015 Oct; 25(5):670-7. View Abstract
  98. High volume image-guided Injections for patellar tendinopathy: a combined retrospective and prospective case series. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2014 Apr; 4(2):214-9. View Abstract
  99. Risk factors and successful interventions for cricket-related low back pain: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2014 Apr; 48(8):685-91. View Abstract
  100. miR-145 and miR-143 regulate smooth muscle cell fate and plasticity. Nature. 2009 Aug 06; 460(7256):705-10. View Abstract
  101. microRNA-138 modulates cardiac patterning during embryonic development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Nov 18; 105(46):17830-5. View Abstract
  102. miR-126 regulates angiogenic signaling and vascular integrity. Dev Cell. 2008 Aug; 15(2):272-84. View Abstract
  103. Thioredoxin is required for S-nitrosation of procaspase-3 and the inhibition of apoptosis in Jurkat cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jul 10; 104(28):11609-14. View Abstract
  104. Maternal mortality and the consequences on infant and child survival in rural Haiti. Matern Child Health J. 2007 Jul; 11(4):395-401. View Abstract
  105. Design and characterization of an active site selective caspase-3 transnitrosating agent. ACS Chem Biol. 2006 Nov 21; 1(10):659-65. View Abstract

Contact Sarah Morton