Research Overview

Dr. Son’s research focuses on Kawasaki disease and childhood Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. She is also actively involved with the Kawasaki Disease Biorepository.

Education

Medical School

University of Massachusetts Medical School
2001 Worcester MA

Internship

Boston Combined Residency Program (BCRP)
2002 Boston MA

Residency

Boston Combined Residency Program (BCRP)
2004 Boston MA

Fellowship

Pediatric Rheumatology Boston Children's Hospital
2008 Boston MA

Publications

  1. When Blurry Vision Clouds the Bigger Picture. N Engl J Med. 2025 Jan 02; 392(1):73-79. View Abstract
  2. Features of hyperinflammation link the biology of Epstein-Barr virus infection and cytokine storm syndromes. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2024 Nov 30. View Abstract
  3. Racial Disparities and Achievement of the Low Lupus Disease Activity State: A CARRA Registry Study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2025 Jan; 77(1):38-49. View Abstract
  4. Development of CARRA/PReS-endorsed consensus Core and Expanded Datasets in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus for international registry-based research. Ann Rheum Dis. 2024 Oct 08. View Abstract
  5. Kawasaki disease: contemporary perspectives. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2024 Oct; 8(10):781-792. View Abstract
  6. Community-engaged randomised controlled trial to disseminate COVID-19 vaccine-related information and increase uptake among Black individuals in two US cities with rheumatic conditions. BMJ Open. 2024 Aug 24; 14(8):e087918. View Abstract
  7. Severe Features of Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis in Patients With Congenital Heart Disease. J Rheumatol. 2024 Aug 01; 51(8):811-817. View Abstract
  8. Real-world application of the pediatric Glucocorticoid Toxicity Index in childhood-onset lupus. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2024 Oct; 68:152516. View Abstract
  9. Racial and Ethnic Composition of Populations Served by Freestanding Children's Hospitals and Disparities in Outcomes of Pediatric Lupus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2024 07; 76(7):926-935. View Abstract
  10. The RECOVERY trial of PIMS-TS: important lessons from the pandemic. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2024 Mar; 8(3):176-177. View Abstract
  11. Updated Case Definition of MIS-C and Implications for Clinical Care. Pediatrics. 2024 Jan 01; 153(2). View Abstract
  12. Underutilization of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in locally and nationally representative samples of patients with childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol. 2024 Mar; 43(3):1265-1268. View Abstract
  13. Elevation of IL-17 Cytokines Distinguishes Kawasaki Disease From Other Pediatric Inflammatory Disorders. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2024 02; 76(2):285-292. View Abstract
  14. Type I interferon signature and cycling lymphocytes in macrophage activation syndrome. J Clin Invest. 2023 11 15; 133(22). View Abstract
  15. A case of neonatal sweet syndrome associated with mevalonate kinase deficiency. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2023 Sep 12; 21(1):101. View Abstract
  16. Development of a Screening Algorithm for Lung Disease in Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2023 Oct; 5(10):556-562. View Abstract
  17. Understanding Stakeholders' Perspectives to Increase COVID-19 Vaccine and Booster Uptake Among Black Individuals With Rheumatic Conditions. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2023 12; 75(12):2508-2518. View Abstract
  18. Real-world use and outcomes of belimumab in childhood-onset lupus: A single-center retrospective study. Lupus. 2023 Aug; 32(9):1111-1116. View Abstract
  19. Neurological and Psychological Sequelae Associated With Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. JAMA Netw Open. 2023 07 03; 6(7):e2324369. View Abstract
  20. Immunomodulatory Therapy for MIS-C. Pediatrics. 2023 Jul 01; 152(1). View Abstract
  21. Health Equity Implications of Missing Data Among Youths With Childhood-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Proof-of-Concept Study in the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Registry. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2023 11; 75(11):2285-2294. View Abstract
  22. Incidence and Risk Factors for Eosinophilia and Lung Disease in Biologic-Exposed Children With Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2023 10; 75(10):2063-2072. View Abstract
  23. Variation in Early Anakinra Use and Short-Term Outcomes in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2023 08; 75(8):1466-1476. View Abstract
  24. Failure of Risk Prediction Modeling for IVIG Resistance in Kawasaki Disease. Pediatrics. 2023 05 01; 151(5). View Abstract
  25. MIS-C across three SARS-CoV-2 variants: Changes in COVID-19 testing and clinical characteristics in a cohort of U.S. children. Eur J Pediatr. 2023 Jun; 182(6):2865-2872. View Abstract
  26. Risk Factors for Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: A Case-control Investigation. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2023 06 01; 42(6):e190-e196. View Abstract
  27. Clinical Course Associated with Aseptic Meningitis Induced by Intravenous Immunoglobulin for the Treatment of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. J Pediatr. 2023 06; 257:113372. View Abstract
  28. A New Definition for Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. Pediatrics. 2023 03 01; 151(3). View Abstract
  29. Meeting report: the ALPHA project: a stakeholder meeting on lupus clinical trial outcome measures and the patient perspective. Lupus Sci Med. 2023 02; 10(1). View Abstract
  30. Disordered T cell-B cell interactions in autoantibody-positive inflammatory arthritis. Front Immunol. 2022; 13:1068399. View Abstract
  31. The Notch1/CD22 signaling axis disrupts Treg function in SARS-CoV-2-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. J Clin Invest. 2023 01 03; 133(1). View Abstract
  32. Insurance Status and Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor Initiation Among Children With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis in the CARRA Registry. J Rheumatol. 2023 08; 50(8):1047-1057. View Abstract
  33. SARS-CoV-2-Related Mitigation Measures and Insights Into Kawasaki Disease. JAMA Pediatr. 2022 12 01; 176(12):1167-1168. View Abstract
  34. Postdischarge Glucocorticoid Use and Clinical Outcomes of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 11 01; 5(11):e2241622. View Abstract
  35. Longitudinal assessment of preparation for care transition among adolescents and young adults with rheumatologic disease: a single-center pilot study. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2022 Oct 21; 20(1):93. View Abstract
  36. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Clin Immunol. 2022 Oct; 243:109106. View Abstract
  37. Association of Race and Ethnicity With Medication Use for Pediatric Lupus in the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Registry. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2022 Nov; 4(11):954-963. View Abstract
  38. An Evidence-Based Guideline Improves Outcomes for Patients With Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis and Macrophage Activation Syndrome. J Rheumatol. 2022 Sep; 49(9):1042-1051. View Abstract
  39. Pediatric EVALI in the Age of COVID-19/MIS-C: Diagnostic Considerations. Hosp Pediatr. 2022 07 01; 12(7):e249-e254. View Abstract
  40. Racial Disparities in Renal Outcomes Over Time Among Hospitalized Children With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2022 08; 74(8):1430-1439. View Abstract
  41. Treatment of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: Understanding Differences in Results of Comparative Effectiveness Studies. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2022 Sep; 4(9):804-810. View Abstract
  42. Notch1-CD22-Dependent Immune Dysregulation in the SARS-CoV2-Associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. Res Sq. 2022 Apr 11. View Abstract
  43. New-onset hypogammaglobulinaemia and infectious complications associated with rituximab use in childhood-onset rheumatic diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2022 04 11; 61(4):1610-1620. View Abstract
  44. Insurance Delays in Initiation of Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors in Children With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 04 01; 5(4):e228330. View Abstract
  45. 2021 American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Kawasaki Disease. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2022 04; 74(4):586-596. View Abstract
  46. 2021 American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Kawasaki Disease. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2022 04; 74(4):538-548. View Abstract
  47. When vaccine adverse event reporting generates hope, not fear. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2022 05; 6(5):281-282. View Abstract
  48. American College of Rheumatology Clinical Guidance for Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Associated With SARS-CoV-2 and Hyperinflammation in Pediatric COVID-19: Version 3. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2022 04; 74(4):e1-e20. View Abstract
  49. Psoriasis rate is increased by the exposure to TNF inhibition in children with JIA. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022 05; 81(5):662-665. View Abstract
  50. An integrated framework for identifying clinical-laboratory indicators for novel pandemics: COVID-19 and MIS-C. NPJ Digit Med. 2022 Jan 20; 5(1):9. View Abstract
  51. An Update on Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Related to SARS-CoV-2. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2022 01 01; 41(1):e6-e9. View Abstract
  52. Anakinra Treatment in Patients with Acute Kawasaki Disease with Coronary Artery Aneurysms: A Phase I/IIa Trial. J Pediatr. 2022 04; 243:173-180.e8. View Abstract
  53. Th1 polarization defines the synovial fluid T cell compartment in oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis. JCI Insight. 2021 09 22; 6(18). View Abstract
  54. Coagulation profiles and viscoelastic testing in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2021 12; 68(12):e29355. View Abstract
  55. Data-driven clustering identifies features distinguishing multisystem inflammatory syndrome from acute COVID-19 in children and adolescents. EClinicalMedicine. 2021 Oct; 40:101112. View Abstract
  56. The NHLBI Study on Long-terM OUtcomes after the Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome In Children (MUSIC): Design and Objectives. Am Heart J. 2022 01; 243:43-53. View Abstract
  57. Coronary artery aneurysms in children is not always Kawasaki disease: a case report on Takayasu arteritis. BMC Rheumatol. 2021 Aug 12; 5(1):27. View Abstract
  58. Therapy for Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. Reply. N Engl J Med. 2021 09 23; 385(13):e42. View Abstract
  59. COVID-19 in Pediatrics. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2021 11; 47(4):797-811. View Abstract
  60. Differentiating multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a single-centre retrospective cohort study. Arch Dis Child. 2022 03; 107(3):e3. View Abstract
  61. Mechanisms underlying genetic susceptibility to multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021 09; 148(3):732-738.e1. View Abstract
  62. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children - Initial Therapy and Outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2021 07 01; 385(1):23-34. View Abstract
  63. Reply. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021 07; 73(7):1342-1343. View Abstract
  64. Patient experiences and strategies for coping with SLE: A qualitative study. Lupus. 2021 Aug; 30(9):1405-1414. View Abstract
  65. Assessing preparation for care transition among adolescents with rheumatologic disease: a single-center assessment with patient survey. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2021 May 01; 19(1):61. View Abstract
  66. Neurologic Involvement in Children and Adolescents Hospitalized in the United States for COVID-19 or Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome. JAMA Neurol. 2021 05 01; 78(5):536-547. View Abstract
  67. Mistaken MIS-C: A Case Series of Bacterial Enteritis Mimicking MIS-C. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2021 04 01; 40(4):e159-e161. View Abstract
  68. Cyclophosphamide use in treatment of refractory Kawasaki disease with coronary artery aneurysms. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2021 Mar 17; 19(1):31. View Abstract
  69. Characteristics and Outcomes of US Children and Adolescents With Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Compared With Severe Acute COVID-19. JAMA. 2021 03 16; 325(11):1074-1087. View Abstract
  70. Detailed Assessment of Left Ventricular Function in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children, Using Strain Analysis. CJC Open. 2021 Jul; 3(7):880-887. View Abstract
  71. Socioeconomic and Racial and/or Ethnic Disparities in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome. Pediatrics. 2021 05; 147(5). View Abstract
  72. American College of Rheumatology Clinical Guidance for Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Associated With SARS-CoV-2 and Hyperinflammation in Pediatric COVID-19: Version 2. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021 Apr; 73(4):e13-e29. View Abstract
  73. Multiple Emergency Department Visits for a Diagnosis of Kawasaki Disease: An Examination of Risk Factors and Outcomes. J Pediatr. 2021 05; 232:127-132.e3. View Abstract
  74. Development of a Set of Lupus-Specific, Ambulatory Care-Sensitive, Potentially Preventable Adverse Conditions: A Delphi Consensus Study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021 01; 73(1):146-157. View Abstract
  75. Interleukin-6 Blockade With Tocilizumab in Anakinra-Refractory Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome (FIRES). Child Neurol Open. 2020 Jan-Dec; 7:2329048X20979253. View Abstract
  76. Early Features of Progressive Hemifacial Atrophy-Clinical and Imaging Findings. JAMA Dermatol. 2020 12 01; 156(12):1376-1379. View Abstract
  77. High-Throughput Screening of Kawasaki Disease Sera for Antiviral Antibodies. J Infect Dis. 2020 11 09; 222(11):1853-1857. View Abstract
  78. Distinct clinical and immunological features of SARS-CoV-2-induced multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. J Clin Invest. 2020 11 02; 130(11):5942-5950. View Abstract
  79. Primary adjunctive corticosteroid therapy is associated with improved outcomes for patients with Kawasaki disease with coronary artery aneurysms at diagnosis. Arch Dis Child. 2021 03; 106(3):247-252. View Abstract
  80. Atrioventricular Block in Children With Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome. Pediatrics. 2020 11; 146(5). View Abstract
  81. Cardiac manifestations in SARS-CoV-2-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a comprehensive review and proposed clinical approach. Eur J Pediatr. 2021 Feb; 180(2):307-322. View Abstract
  82. Chronic chest pain: Where is the pathology? Pediatr Pulmonol. 2020 11; 55(11):3145-3151. View Abstract
  83. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in U.S. Children and Adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2020 07 23; 383(4):334-346. View Abstract
  84. Pediatric inflammatory syndrome temporally related to covid-19. BMJ. 2020 06 03; 369:m2123. View Abstract
  85. Distinct interferon signatures and cytokine patterns define additional systemic autoinflammatory diseases. J Clin Invest. 2020 04 01; 130(4):1669-1682. View Abstract
  86. Th17 reprogramming of T cells in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. JCI Insight. 2020 03 26; 5(6). View Abstract
  87. Multicentre validation of a computer-based tool for differentiation of acute Kawasaki disease from clinically similar febrile illnesses. Arch Dis Child. 2020 08; 105(8):772-777. View Abstract
  88. Adenosine deaminase 2 as a biomarker of macrophage activation syndrome in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020 02; 79(2):225-231. View Abstract
  89. Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Outcomes of Patients with Kawasaki Disease. J Pediatr. 2019 09; 212:87-92. View Abstract
  90. A Case Report of Takayasu's Arteritis and Ulcerative Colitis in a Pediatric Patient with Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis Successfully Treated with Infliximab: Diagnostic Clues in Disease Associations and Immune Dysregulation. Case Rep Rheumatol. 2019; 2019:8157969. View Abstract
  91. Risk Model Development and Validation for Prediction of Coronary Artery Aneurysms in Kawasaki Disease in a North American Population. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019 06 04; 8(11):e011319. View Abstract
  92. Treatment Intensification in Patients With Kawasaki Disease and Coronary Aneurysm at Diagnosis. Pediatrics. 2019 06; 143(6). View Abstract
  93. Kawasaki Disease. Pediatr Rev. 2018 Feb; 39(2):78-90. View Abstract
  94. Predicting Coronary Artery Aneurysms in Kawasaki Disease at a North American Center: An Assessment of Baseline z Scores. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017 May 31; 6(6). View Abstract
  95. Evidence-based decision support for pediatric rheumatology reduces diagnostic errors. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2016 Dec 13; 14(1):67. View Abstract
  96. Disease activity and transition outcomes in a childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus cohort. Lupus. 2016 Nov; 25(13):1431-1439. View Abstract
  97. The presentation and management of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's Granulomatosis) in the pediatric airway. Laryngoscope. 2017 01; 127(1):233-240. View Abstract
  98. Laryngeal sarcoidosis: presentation and management in the pediatric population. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2015 Sep; 79(9):1382-7. View Abstract
  99. Intra-articular glucocorticoid injections in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a Singapore hospital. Singapore Med J. 2014 May; 55(5):248-52. View Abstract
  100. A85: effect of childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus on linear height and body mass index. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014 Mar; 66 Suppl 11:S118. View Abstract
  101. Outcomes in hospitalized pediatric patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Pediatrics. 2014 Jan; 133(1):e106-13. View Abstract
  102. Hypergammaglobulinemia in the pediatric population as a marker for underlying autoimmune disease: a retrospective cohort study. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2013 Nov 01; 11(1):42. View Abstract
  103. Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Rev. 2013 Apr; 34(4):151-62. View Abstract
  104. Shrinking lung syndrome as a manifestation of pleuritis: a new model based on pulmonary physiological studies. J Rheumatol. 2013 Mar; 40(3):273-81. View Abstract
  105. Multiple juvenile idiopathic arthritis subtypes demonstrate proinflammatory IgG glycosylation. Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Sep; 64(9):3025-33. View Abstract
  106. Management of Kawasaki disease: corticosteroids revisited. Lancet. 2012 Apr 28; 379(9826):1571-2. View Abstract
  107. Anakinra as first-line disease-modifying therapy in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: report of forty-six patients from an international multicenter series. Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Feb; 63(2):545-55. View Abstract
  108. Infliximab for intravenous immunoglobulin resistance in Kawasaki disease: a retrospective study. J Pediatr. 2011 Apr; 158(4):644-649.e1. View Abstract
  109. Musculoskeletal causes of pediatric chest pain. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2010 Dec; 57(6):1385-95. View Abstract
  110. Anakinra as first-line disease modifying therapy in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2010 Nov 4. View Abstract
  111. Kawasaki Disease. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 2010. View Abstract
  112. Kawasaki Disease. Rudolph's Pediatrics. 2010. View Abstract
  113. Pocket Pediatrics. Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis, Kawsaki Disease, Lyme Disease, Serum Sickness, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. 2010. View Abstract
  114. Juvenile Arthritis. Targeted Treatment of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2010; 70-82. View Abstract
  115. Essentials of Emergency Medicine. Rheumatologic Emergencies. 2010. View Abstract
  116. Treatment of Kawasaki disease: analysis of 27 US pediatric hospitals from 2001 to 2006. Pediatrics. 2009 Jul; 124(1):1-8. View Abstract
  117. The Boston Marathon Study: a novel approach to research during residency. Pediatrics. 2006 May; 117(5):1818-22. View Abstract

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