Research Overview

ACL injuries occur at a high frequency in the US with approximately 400,000 ACL reconstructions being performed each year in the US.

The anterior cruciate ligament is a major stabilizer of the knee joint and courses through the middle of the joint. Injuries of the ACL do not heal spontaneously, and suture repair of these injuries has been shown to have a high failure rate (over 90%). Thus, suture repair has been abandoned in favor of ACL reconstruction, where the injured ACL is removed and replaced with a tendon graft. While ACL reconstruction is a good operation for restoring gross knee stability, it does not restore joint motion, or prevent the premature development of osteoarthritis in many patients.Current data suggests that 76% of patients with an ACL tear will develop osteoarthritis at only 14 years from injury -- whether they have an ACL reconstruction or not. Thus, new treatments for an ACL injury, which are less invasive and have the potential to minimize patient morbidity, are highly desirable. Bio-enhanced ACL repair, using a tissue engineered approach to stimulate healing, is one such strategy.

Our work has focused on new ways to treat ACL injury to try to improve patient outcomes.

We wondered if outcomes would be better if we encouraged the ACL to heal, rather than replacing it. To make this work, we would need to find out why it doesn’t heal naturally. Through a series of studies, we compared ligaments that do heal (like the medial collateral ligament of the knee) with ligaments that don’t (like the ACL) to find out where the differences lie. We found that when the MCL tears, a blood clot forms between the torn tissue ends and serves as a bridge for the tissue to heal back into. However, for the ACL, the joint fluid prevented the blood from forming a solid clot, so there was no structure rejoining the two ends of the ligament, and no structure for the torn ends to heal into. 

We hypothesized that this was the major reason the ACL wouldn’t heal on its own.

We worked on developing a scaffold that we could place between the two torn ends of the tissue to use as a substitute bridge. After trying multiple materials, we found a protein-based scaffold that would work. We tried adding different growth factors to the scaffold and found that in the end, the blood that forms the scaffold in other tissues is actually the best biologic agent for stimulating ACL healing as well. The new technique involved taking the protein scaffold and loading it with a few cc's of blood and placing it in between the torn ends of the ACL. The scaffold would make the blood clot and hold it in place long enough for the ACL to heal. 

When we tried this in a preclinical model, we found that the strength of the healing ligament was similar in the knees treated with repair and those treated with reconstruction. When we then looked at what happened at one year after surgery, we found that the strengths of the two techniques were not statistically different, and the knees treated with a bioenhanced repair had less arthritis than those treated with a reconstruction. 

We have recently completed several clinical trials that demonstrated the BEAR technique resulted in similar outcomes and knee stability to ACL reconstruction.

Functional healing of the torn ACL using a bio-enhanced repair technique could significantly impact treatment of hundreds of thousands of patients each year in the US alone. The immediate benefits for the patient would be a far less invasive surgical procedure that ACL reconstruction as no graft harvest is required. The long-term benefits for patients are potentially even greater, as retention of the proprioceptive nerve fibers in the ACL, complex anatomy of the insertion sites and fan shape of the ligament will more closely restore the normal dynamic biomechanics of the knee and thus may decrease the premature osteoarthritis seen in the knees of patients after an ACL tear. The less invasive alternative to conventional ACL reconstruction uses a bio-engineered sponge as a bridge between the ends of the torn ACL to stimulate healing. Clinical studies at Boston Childen’s recently demonstrated this technique was as safe and effective as the current treatment, ACL reconstruction in restoring knee stability, and future studies are planned to see if this new technique also results in a reduced risk of osteoarthritis of the knee. These studies supported the FDA 510(k) de Novo marketing application, and approval for the implant was granted in December 2020.
 
To learn more about the BEAR trials, please email clinicaltrials@miach.ortho.

Learn more about this safety study on our ACL Program page.

Research Background

Martha Murray received her master's degree in materials science and engineering from Stanford University and her medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania. She completed a residency in orthopedic surgery at Harvard Medical School and fellowships in pediatric orthopedics and sports medicine at Boston Children's Hospital.

Education

Undergraduate School

BS, Mechanical Engineering University of Delaware
1987 Newark NJ

Graduate School

MS, Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University
1990 Stanford CA

Medical School

University of Pennsylvania
1994 Philadelphia PA

Internship

Massachusetts General Hospital
1995 Boston MA

Residency

Harvard Combined Orthopedic Residency Program
1999 Boston MA

Fellowship

Boston Children's Hospital
2002 Boston MA

Publications

  1. Bridge-Enhanced Anterior Cruciate Ligament Restoration: 6-Year Results From the First-in-Human Cohort Study. Orthop J Sports Med. 2024 Aug; 12(8):23259671241260632. View Abstract
  2. Pediatric and Adolescent Distal Radius Fractures: Current Concepts and Treatment Recommendations. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2024 Nov 01; 32(21):e1079-e1089. View Abstract
  3. Telehealth Potential in Pediatric Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine Care is Comparable to In-Person Care But Disparities Remain. J Pediatr Orthop. 2024 Jul 01; 44(6):379-385. View Abstract
  4. Prevalence and Predictors of Concomitant Meniscal Surgery During Pediatric and Adolescent ACL Reconstruction: Analysis of 4729 Patients Over 20 Years at a Tertiary-Care Regional Children's Hospital. Orthop J Sports Med. 2024 Mar; 12(3):23259671241236496. View Abstract
  5. Comprehensive evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging sequences for signal intensity based assessment of anterior cruciate ligament healing following surgical treatment. J Orthop Res. 2024 Jul; 42(7):1587-1598. View Abstract
  6. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Technology Overview Summary: Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) for Knee Osteoarthritis. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2024 Apr 01; 32(7):296-301. View Abstract
  7. Musculoskeletal health: an ecological study assessing disease burden and research funding. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2024 Jan; 29:100661. View Abstract
  8. Prevalence and Predictors of Concomitant Meniscal and Ligamentous Injuries Associated With ACL Surgery: An Analysis of 20 Years of ACL Reconstruction at a Tertiary Care Children's Hospital. Am J Sports Med. 2024 01; 52(1):77-86. View Abstract
  9. How Research Improves Clinical Care: The Case for Orthopaedic Surgeon Research Leadership and Collaboration: AOA Critical Issues Symposium. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2024 Mar 06; 106(5):466-471. View Abstract
  10. Microscopic and transcriptomic changes in porcine synovium one year following disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2023 Dec; 31(12):1554-1566. View Abstract
  11. LigaNET: A multi-modal deep learning approach to predict the risk of subsequent anterior cruciate ligament injury after surgery. medRxiv. 2023 Jul 27. View Abstract
  12. Transcriptomic changes in porcine articular cartilage one year following disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament. PLoS One. 2023; 18(5):e0284777. View Abstract
  13. Responding to ACL Injury and its Treatments: Comparative Gene Expression between Articular Cartilage and Synovium. Bioengineering (Basel). 2023 Apr 26; 10(5). View Abstract
  14. Predicting anterior cruciate ligament failure load with T2* relaxometry and machine learning as a prospective imaging biomarker for revision surgery. Sci Rep. 2023 03 02; 13(1):3524. View Abstract
  15. Quantitative MRI Biomarkers to Predict Risk of Reinjury Within 2 Years After Bridge-Enhanced ACL Restoration. Am J Sports Med. 2023 02; 51(2):413-421. View Abstract
  16. Hydrogel treatment for idiopathic osteoarthritis in a Dunkin Hartley Guinea pig model. PLoS One. 2022; 17(11):e0278338. View Abstract
  17. Preoperative Risk Factors for Subsequent Ipsilateral ACL Revision Surgery After an ACL Restoration Procedure. Am J Sports Med. 2023 01; 51(1):49-57. View Abstract
  18. Changes in the Cross-Sectional Profile of Treated Anterior Cruciate Ligament Within 2 Years After Surgery. Orthop J Sports Med. 2022 Oct; 10(10):23259671221127326. View Abstract
  19. Three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging analysis shows sex-specific patterns in changes in anterior cruciate ligament cross-sectional area along its length. J Orthop Res. 2023 04; 41(4):771-778. View Abstract
  20. Effects of Male and Female Sex on the Development of Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis in the Porcine Knee After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery. Am J Sports Med. 2022 07; 50(9):2417-2423. View Abstract
  21. Early MRI-based quantitative outcomes are associated with a positive functional performance trajectory from 6 to 24 months post-ACL surgery. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2023 May; 31(5):1690-1698. View Abstract
  22. Automated segmentation of the healed anterior cruciate ligament from T2 * relaxometry MRI scans. J Orthop Res. 2023 03; 41(3):649-656. View Abstract
  23. Predicting severity of cartilage damage in a post-traumatic porcine model: Synovial fluid and gait in a support vector machine. PLoS One. 2022; 17(6):e0268198. View Abstract
  24. The FDA and Ensuring Safety and Effectiveness of Devices, Biologics, and Technology. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2022 Jul 15; 30(14):658-667. View Abstract
  25. Articular cartilage and synovium may be important sources of post-surgical synovial fluid inflammatory mediators. Am J Transl Res. 2022; 14(3):1640-1651. View Abstract
  26. Reproducibility and postacquisition correction methods for quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). J Orthop Res. 2022 12; 40(12):2908-2913. View Abstract
  27. Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport at 6 Months Is Higher After Bridge-Enhanced ACL Restoration Than Autograft ACL Reconstruction: Results of a Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial. Orthop J Sports Med. 2022 Feb; 10(2):23259671211070542. View Abstract
  28. ACL Size, but Not Signal Intensity, Is Influenced by Sex, Body Size, and Knee Anatomy. Orthop J Sports Med. 2021 Dec; 9(12):23259671211063836. View Abstract
  29. Earlier Resolution of Symptoms and Return of Function After Bridge-Enhanced Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair As Compared With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med. 2021 Nov; 9(11):23259671211052530. View Abstract
  30. Regional Differences in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Signal Intensity After Surgical Treatment. Am J Sports Med. 2021 12; 49(14):3833-3841. View Abstract
  31. Effects of radiation dose and nitrogen purge on collagen scaffold properties. J Biomater Appl. 2022 01; 36(6):1011-1018. View Abstract
  32. Peripheral shift in the viable chondrocyte population of the medial femoral condyle after anterior cruciate ligament injury in the porcine knee. PLoS One. 2021; 16(8):e0256765. View Abstract
  33. Optimizing outcomes of ACL surgery-Is autograft reconstruction the only reasonable option? J Orthop Res. 2021 09; 39(9):1843-1850. View Abstract
  34. Enrichment of inflammatory mediators in the synovial fluid is associated with slower progression of mild to moderate osteoarthritis in the porcine knee. Am J Transl Res. 2021; 13(7):7667-7676. View Abstract
  35. Terminal sterilization influences the efficacy of an extracellular matrix-blood composite for treating posttraumatic osteoarthritis in the rat model. J Orthop Res. 2022 03; 40(3):573-583. View Abstract
  36. Bridge-Enhanced Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair Leads to Greater Limb Asymmetry and Less Cartilage Damage Than Untreated ACL Transection or ACL Reconstruction in the Porcine Model. Am J Sports Med. 2021 03; 49(3):667-674. View Abstract
  37. A transfer learning approach for automatic segmentation of the surgically treated anterior cruciate ligament. J Orthop Res. 2022 01; 40(1):277-284. View Abstract
  38. Automated magnetic resonance image segmentation of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Orthop Res. 2021 04; 39(4):831-840. View Abstract
  39. Higher Physiologic Platelet Counts in Whole Blood Are Not Associated With Improved ACL Cross-sectional Area or Signal Intensity 6 Months After Bridge-Enhanced ACL Repair. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020 Jul; 8(7):2325967120927655. View Abstract
  40. Females Have Earlier Muscle Strength and Functional Recovery After Bridge-Enhanced Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair. Tissue Eng Part A. 2020 07; 26(13-14):702-711. View Abstract
  41. Resolution of Pain and Predictors of Postoperative Opioid use after Bridge-Enhanced Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2020 Jun; 2(3):e219-e228. View Abstract
  42. Bridge-Enhanced Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair Is Not Inferior to Autograft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction at 2 Years: Results of a Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial. Am J Sports Med. 2020 05; 48(6):1305-1315. View Abstract
  43. Proteolysis and cartilage development are activated in the synovium after surgical induction of post traumatic osteoarthritis. PLoS One. 2020; 15(2):e0229449. View Abstract
  44. Risk of Secondary ACL Injury in Adolescents Prescribed Functional Bracing After ACL Reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med. 2019 Nov; 7(11):2325967119879880. View Abstract
  45. Clinical Approach in Youth Sports Medicine: Patients' and Guardians' Desired Characteristics in Sports Medicine Surgeons. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2019 Jul 01; 27(13):479-485. View Abstract
  46. Cartilage Damage Is Related to ACL Stiffness in a Porcine Model of ACL Repair. J Orthop Res. 2019 10; 37(10):2249-2257. View Abstract
  47. Changes in Cross-sectional Area and Signal Intensity of Healing Anterior Cruciate Ligaments and Grafts in the First 2 Years After Surgery. Am J Sports Med. 2019 07; 47(8):1831-1843. View Abstract
  48. Predictors of Healing Ligament Size and Magnetic Resonance Signal Intensity at 6 Months After Bridge-Enhanced Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair. Am J Sports Med. 2019 05; 47(6):1361-1369. View Abstract
  49. Bridge-Enhanced Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair: Two-Year Results of a First-in-Human Study. Orthop J Sports Med. 2019 Mar; 7(3):2325967118824356. View Abstract
  50. Synovial fluid proteome changes in ACL injury-induced posttraumatic osteoarthritis: Proteomics analysis of porcine knee synovial fluid. PLoS One. 2019; 14(3):e0212662. View Abstract
  51. Anatomic Features of the Tibial Plateau Predict Outcomes of ACL Reconstruction Within 7 Years After Surgery. Am J Sports Med. 2019 02; 47(2):303-311. View Abstract
  52. Clinical Approach in Youth Sports Medicine: Patients' and Guardians' Desired Characteristics in Sports Medicine Surgeons. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2018 Oct 12. View Abstract
  53. Transcriptional profiling of synovium in a porcine model of early post-traumatic osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res. 2018 Feb 20. View Abstract
  54. Magnetic resonance measurements of tissue quantity and quality using T2 * relaxometry predict temporal changes in the biomechanical properties of the healing ACL. J Orthop Res. 2018 06; 36(6):1701-1709. View Abstract
  55. Structural and Anatomic Restoration of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Is Associated With Less Cartilage Damage 1 Year After Surgery: Healing Ligament Properties Affect Cartilage Damage. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017 Aug; 5(8):2325967117723886. View Abstract
  56. Transcriptional profiling of articular cartilage in a porcine model of early post-traumatic osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res. 2018 01; 36(1):318-329. View Abstract
  57. Bench-to-bedside: Bridge-enhanced anterior cruciate ligament repair. J Orthop Res. 2017 12; 35(12):2606-2612. View Abstract
  58. Sensitivity of ACL volume and T2* relaxation time to magnetic resonance imaging scan conditions. J Biomech. 2017 May 03; 56:117-121. View Abstract
  59. The Bridge-Enhanced Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair (BEAR) Procedure: An Early Feasibility Cohort Study. Orthop J Sports Med. 2016 Nov; 4(11):2325967116672176. View Abstract
  60. Comparison of micro-CT post-processing methods for evaluating the trabecular bone volume fraction in a rat ACL-transection model. J Biomech. 2016 10 03; 49(14):3559-3563. View Abstract
  61. Immediate Administration of Intraarticular Triamcinolone Acetonide After Joint Injury Modulates Molecular Outcomes Associated With Early Synovitis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016 07; 68(7):1637-47. View Abstract
  62. Extracellular matrix-blood composite injection reduces post-traumatic osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament injury in the rat. J Orthop Res. 2016 06; 34(6):995-1003. View Abstract
  63. Platelets and plasma stimulate sheep rotator cuff tendon tenocytes when cultured in an extracellular matrix scaffold. J Orthop Res. 2016 Apr; 34(4):623-9. View Abstract
  64. Biomechanical Outcomes of Bridge-enhanced Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair Are Influenced by Sex in a Preclinical Model. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015 Aug; 473(8):2599-608. View Abstract
  65. Effect of low-temperature ethylene oxide and electron beam sterilization on the in vitro and in vivo function of reconstituted extracellular matrix-derived scaffolds. J Biomater Appl. 2015 Oct; 30(4):435-49. View Abstract
  66. Sex Influences the Biomechanical Outcomes of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in a Preclinical Large Animal Model. Am J Sports Med. 2015 Jul; 43(7):1623-31. View Abstract
  67. Electron beam sterilization does not have a detrimental effect on the ability of extracellular matrix scaffolds to support in vivo ligament healing. J Orthop Res. 2015 Jul; 33(7):1015-23. View Abstract
  68. T2* relaxometry and volume predict semi-quantitative histological scoring of an ACL bridge-enhanced primary repair in a porcine model. J Orthop Res. 2015 Aug; 33(8):1180-7. View Abstract
  69. Bridge-enhanced ACL repair: A review of the science and the pathway through FDA investigational device approval. Ann Biomed Eng. 2015 Mar; 43(3):805-18. View Abstract
  70. Bio-enhanced repair of the anterior cruciate ligament. Arthroscopy. 2015 May; 31(5):990-7. View Abstract
  71. Addition of autologous mesenchymal stem cells to whole blood for bioenhanced ACL repair has no benefit in the porcine model. Am J Sports Med. 2015 Feb; 43(2):320-30. View Abstract
  72. Gene expression of catabolic inflammatory cytokines peak before anabolic inflammatory cytokines after ACL injury in a preclinical model. J Inflamm (Lond). 2014; 11(1):34. View Abstract
  73. Validation of porcine knee as a sex-specific model to study human anterior cruciate ligament disorders. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015 Feb; 473(2):639-50. View Abstract
  74. A normative study of the synovial fluid proteome from healthy porcine knee joints. J Proteome Res. 2014 Oct 03; 13(10):4377-87. View Abstract
  75. Can platelet-rich plasma enhance anterior cruciate ligament and meniscal repair? J Knee Surg. 2015 Feb; 28(1):19-28. View Abstract
  76. The Effect of Perioperative Ketorolac on the Clinical Failure Rate of Meniscal Repair. Orthop J Sports Med. 2014 May 01; 2(5). View Abstract
  77. Improving the clinical efficiency of T2(*) mapping of ligament integrity. J Biomech. 2014 Jul 18; 47(10):2522-5. View Abstract
  78. Increased platelet concentration does not improve functional graft healing in bio-enhanced ACL reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015 Apr; 23(4):1161-70. View Abstract
  79. Basic science of anterior cruciate ligament injury and repair. Bone Joint Res. 2014; 3(2):20-31. View Abstract
  80. Expression of modulators of extracellular matrix structure after anterior cruciate ligament injury. Wound Repair Regen. 2014 Jan-Feb; 22(1):103-10. View Abstract
  81. T2 * MR relaxometry and ligament volume are associated with the structural properties of the healing ACL. J Orthop Res. 2014 Apr; 32(4):492-9. View Abstract
  82. Histologic Predictors of Maximum Failure Loads Differ between the Healing ACL and ACL Grafts after 6 and 12 Months In Vivo. Orthop J Sports Med. 2013 Nov; 1(6). View Abstract
  83. Increasing platelet concentration in platelet-rich plasma inhibits anterior cruciate ligament cell function in three-dimensional culture. J Orthop Res. 2014 Feb; 32(2):291-5. View Abstract
  84. Loss of extracellular matrix from articular cartilage is mediated by the synovium and ligament after anterior cruciate ligament injury. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013 Dec; 21(12):1950-7. View Abstract
  85. 2011 AOA Symposium: Tissue Engineering and Tissue Regeneration: AOA critical issues. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013 Aug 07; 95(15):e109. View Abstract
  86. Use of a bioactive scaffold to stimulate anterior cruciate ligament healing also minimizes posttraumatic osteoarthritis after surgery. Am J Sports Med. 2013 Aug; 41(8):1762-70. View Abstract
  87. Biology of anterior cruciate ligament injury and repair: Kappa delta ann doner vaughn award paper 2013. J Orthop Res. 2013 Oct; 31(10):1501-6. View Abstract
  88. In Situ, noninvasive, T2*-weighted MRI-derived parameters predict ex vivo structural properties of an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction or bioenhanced primary repair in a porcine model. Am J Sports Med. 2013 Mar; 41(3):560-6. View Abstract
  89. Effects of suture choice on biomechanics and physeal status after bioenhanced anterior cruciate ligament repair in skeletally immature patients: a large-animal study. Arthroscopy. 2013 Jan; 29(1):122-32. View Abstract
  90. Mesenchymal stem cells from the retropatellar fat pad and peripheral blood stimulate ACL fibroblast migration, proliferation, and collagen gene expression. Connect Tissue Res. 2013; 54(1):14-21. View Abstract
  91. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells enhance the anabolic effects of platelet-rich plasma on anterior cruciate ligament fibroblasts. J Orthop Res. 2013 Jan; 31(1):29-34. View Abstract
  92. Safety of intra-articular use of atelocollagen for enhanced tissue repair. Open Orthop J. 2012; 6:231-8. View Abstract
  93. Biomechanical outcomes after bioenhanced anterior cruciate ligament repair and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction are equal in a porcine model. Arthroscopy. 2012 May; 28(5):672-80. View Abstract
  94. The use of magnetic resonance imaging to predict ACL graft structural properties. J Biomech. 2011 Nov 10; 44(16):2843-6. View Abstract
  95. Decellularization of bovine anterior cruciate ligament tissues minimizes immunogenic reactions to alpha-gal epitopes by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Knee. 2012 Oct; 19(5):672-5. View Abstract
  96. The effect of platelet concentrates on graft maturation and graft-bone interface healing in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in human patients: a systematic review of controlled trials. Arthroscopy. 2011 Nov; 27(11):1573-83. View Abstract
  97. The Effect of Synovial Fluid Enzymes on the Biodegradability of Collagen and Fibrin Clots. Materials (Basel). 2011 Aug 20; 4(8):1469-1482. View Abstract
  98. A comparative anatomical study of the human knee and six animal species. Knee. 2012 Aug; 19(4):493-9. View Abstract
  99. Effects of age and platelet-rich plasma on ACL cell viability and collagen gene expression. J Orthop Res. 2012 Jan; 30(1):79-85. View Abstract
  100. Effect of anterior cruciate healing on the uninjured ligament insertion site. J Orthop Res. 2012 Jan; 30(1):86-94. View Abstract
  101. Treating anterior cruciate ligament tears in skeletally immature patients. Arthroscopy. 2011 May; 27(5):704-16. View Abstract
  102. Erythrocytes inhibit ligament fibroblast proliferation in a collagen scaffold. J Orthop Res. 2011 Sep; 29(9):1361-6. View Abstract
  103. Platelet activation by collagen provides sustained release of anabolic cytokines. Am J Sports Med. 2011 Apr; 39(4):729-34. View Abstract
  104. Mesenchymal stem cell characteristics of human anterior cruciate ligament outgrowth cells. Tissue Eng Part A. 2011 May; 17(9-10):1375-88. View Abstract
  105. The potential for primary repair of the ACL. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2011 Mar; 19(1):44-9. View Abstract
  106. VEGF receptor mRNA expression by ACL fibroblasts is associated with functional healing of the ACL. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2011 Oct; 19(10):1675-82. View Abstract
  107. Reduced platelet concentration does not harm PRP effectiveness for ACL repair in a porcine in vivo model. J Orthop Res. 2011 Jul; 29(7):1002-7. View Abstract
  108. Delay of 2 or 6 weeks adversely affects the functional outcome of augmented primary repair of the porcine anterior cruciate ligament. Am J Sports Med. 2010 Dec; 38(12):2528-34. View Abstract
  109. The effect of skeletal maturity on functional healing of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010 Sep 01; 92(11):2039-49. View Abstract
  110. Human anterior cruciate ligament fibroblasts from immature patients have a stronger in vitro response to platelet concentrates than those from mature individuals. Knee. 2011 Aug; 18(4):247-51. View Abstract
  111. Immature animals have higher cellular density in the healing anterior cruciate ligament than adolescent or adult animals. J Orthop Res. 2010 Aug; 28(8):1100-6. View Abstract
  112. Age dependence of expression of growth factor receptors in porcine ACL fibroblasts. J Orthop Res. 2010 Aug; 28(8):1107-12. View Abstract
  113. BMP12 and BMP13 gene transfer induce ligamentogenic differentiation in mesenchymal progenitor and anterior cruciate ligament cells. Cytotherapy. 2010 Jul; 12(4):505-13. View Abstract
  114. Bone-to-bone fixation enhances functional healing of the porcine anterior cruciate ligament using a collagen-platelet composite. Arthroscopy. 2010 Sep; 26(9 Suppl):S49-57. View Abstract
  115. Collagen scaffold supplementation does not improve the functional properties of the repaired anterior cruciate ligament. J Orthop Res. 2010 Jun; 28(6):703-9. View Abstract
  116. The effect of skeletal maturity on the regenerative function of intrinsic ACL cells. J Orthop Res. 2010 May; 28(5):644-51. View Abstract
  117. Platelets and plasma proteins are both required to stimulate collagen gene expression by anterior cruciate ligament cells in three-dimensional culture. Tissue Eng Part A. 2010 May; 16(5):1479-89. View Abstract
  118. Collagen density significantly affects the functional properties of an engineered provisional scaffold. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2010 Apr; 93(1):150-7. View Abstract
  119. Translational studies in anterior cruciate ligament repair. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2010 Feb; 16(1):5-11. View Abstract
  120. Fibrin concentration affects ACL fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis. Knee. 2011 Jan; 18(1):42-6. View Abstract
  121. Posterior periosteal disruption in Salter-Harris Type II fractures of the distal femur: evidence for a hyperextension mechanism. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009 Dec; 193(6):W540-5. View Abstract
  122. Collagen-platelet composite enhances biomechanical and histologic healing of the porcine anterior cruciate ligament. Am J Sports Med. 2009 Dec; 37(12):2401-10. View Abstract
  123. TRITON-X is most effective among three decellularization agents for ACL tissue engineering. J Orthop Res. 2009 Dec; 27(12):1612-8. View Abstract
  124. Injection temperature significantly affects in vitro and in vivo performance of collagen-platelet scaffolds. J Orthop Res. 2009 Jul; 27(7):964-71. View Abstract
  125. Storage conditions do not have detrimental effect on allograft collagen or scaffold performance. Cell Tissue Bank. 2009 Nov; 10(4):333-40. View Abstract
  126. Platelet-rich plasma alone is not sufficient to enhance suture repair of the ACL in skeletally immature animals: an in vivo study. J Orthop Res. 2009 May; 27(5):639-45. View Abstract
  127. The use of platelets to affect functional healing of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) autograft in a caprine ACL reconstruction model. J Orthop Res. 2009 May; 27(5):631-8. View Abstract
  128. Genome-wide expression analysis of intra- and extraarticular connective tissue. J Orthop Res. 2009 Apr; 27(4):427-34. View Abstract
  129. Collagen-platelet composites improve the biomechanical properties of healing anterior cruciate ligament grafts in a porcine model. Am J Sports Med. 2009 Aug; 37(8):1554-63. View Abstract
  130. Current status and potential of primary ACL repair. Clin Sports Med. 2009 Jan; 28(1):51-61. View Abstract
  131. Can suture repair of ACL transection restore normal anteroposterior laxity of the knee? An ex vivo study. J Orthop Res. 2008 Nov; 26(11):1500-5. View Abstract
  132. Platelets, but not erythrocytes, significantly affect cytokine release and scaffold contraction in a provisional scaffold model. Wound Repair Regen. 2008 May-Jun; 16(3):370-8. View Abstract
  133. Activation of platelet-rich plasma using soluble type I collagen. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Apr; 66(4):684-90. View Abstract
  134. Strategies to improve anterior cruciate ligament healing and graft placement. Am J Sports Med. 2008 Jan; 36(1):176-89. View Abstract
  135. In situ IGF-1 gene delivery to cells emerging from the injured anterior cruciate ligament. Biomaterials. 2008 Mar; 29(7):904-16. View Abstract
  136. The Musculoskeletal System. O’Leary, JP editor. The Physiologic Basis of Surgery. 2007. View Abstract
  137. Enhanced histologic repair in a central wound in the anterior cruciate ligament with a collagen-platelet-rich plasma scaffold. J Orthop Res. 2007 Aug; 25(8):1007-17. View Abstract
  138. Lateral entry compared with medial and lateral entry pin fixation for completely displaced supracondylar humeral fractures in children. A randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Apr; 89(4):706-12. View Abstract
  139. Collagen-platelet rich plasma hydrogel enhances primary repair of the porcine anterior cruciate ligament. J Orthop Res. 2007 Jan; 25(1):81-91. View Abstract
  140. Collagen-Platelet Rich Plasma Hydrogel Enhances Primary Repair of the Porcine Anterior Cruciate Ligament. 2007. View Abstract
  141. Type I Collagen as a Platelet Activator in Platelet-Rich Plasma Hydrogels. 2007. View Abstract
  142. Enhanced Histologic Repair in a Central Defect in the ACL with a Collagen-PRP Scaffold. J Orthop Res. 2007; 25(8):1007-1017. View Abstract
  143. Effect of Collagen Source on Human ACL Cell Proliferation and Platelet Activation. 2007. View Abstract
  144. The Effect of Collagen Concentration on Platelet-Rich Plasma Hydrogels. 2007. View Abstract
  145. Histologic Differences in Healing of Intra-Articular and Extra-Articular Ligament Wounds. 2007. View Abstract
  146. Enhanced Histologic Repair in a Central Defect in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament with a Collagen-Platelet Rich Plasma Scaffold. 2007. View Abstract
  147. Activation of Platelet-Rich Plasma Using Soluble Type I Collagen. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, accepted for publication. 2007. View Abstract
  148. Increased blood lead levels in an adolescent girl from a retained bullet. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006 Dec; 88(12):2726-9. View Abstract
  149. Pathologic characteristics of the torn human meniscus. Am J Sports Med. 2007 Jan; 35(1):103-12. View Abstract
  150. Use of a collagen-platelet rich plasma scaffold to stimulate healing of a central defect in the canine ACL. J Orthop Res. 2006 Apr; 24(4):820-30. View Abstract
  151. The effect of thrombin on ACL fibroblast interactions with collagen hydrogels. J Orthop Res. 2006 Mar; 24(3):508-15. View Abstract
  152. The central ACL defect as a model for failure of intra-articular healing. J Orthop Res. 2006 Mar; 24(3):401-6. View Abstract
  153. Biology and Gene-Based Therapy. The Pediatric and Adolescent Knee, Micheli, LJ and Kocher, MS, eds. 2006. View Abstract
  154. Methods and Procedures for Ligament Repair,. 2006. View Abstract
  155. Multilineage Mesenchymal Differentiation Potential of Cells Migrating out of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament. 2006. View Abstract
  156. Enhancement of suture repair of the ACL using a collagen-PRP hydrogel. 2006. View Abstract
  157. Biologic Replacement for Fibrin Clot. 2005. View Abstract
  158. Delivery Device for Tissue Repair. 2005. View Abstract
  159. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Healing and Primary Repair. Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review. 2005; 13(3):151-155. View Abstract
  160. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Healing and Primary Repair. 2005; 13(3):151-156. View Abstract
  161. In Situ IGF-1 Gene Transfer Enhances Healing Response in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament. 2005. View Abstract
  162. The Effect of Insoluble Collagen Morphology on Fibroblast Migration, Proliferation and Collagen Production. 2005. View Abstract
  163. Enhanced repair of the anterior cruciate ligament by in situ gene transfer: evaluation in an in vitro model. Mol Ther. 2004 Aug; 10(2):327-36. View Abstract
  164. Interspecies variation in the fibroblast distribution of the anterior cruciate ligament. Am J Sports Med. 2004 Sep; 32(6):1484-91. View Abstract
  165. Osteochondral defects of the talus treated with autologous bone grafting. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004 May; 86(4):521-6. View Abstract
  166. The death of articular chondrocytes after intra-articular fracture in humans. J Trauma. 2004 Jan; 56(1):128-31. View Abstract
  167. Novel Biological Approaches to Enhance Primary Repair of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament. 2004; 81-83. View Abstract
  168. In Situ IGF-1 Gene Transfer for Enhancing Healing of the ACL – Evaluation in an in vitro model. Basic Science Poster Prize. 2004. View Abstract
  169. Biologic Replacement for Fibrin Clot. 2003. View Abstract
  170. The biomechanical response to doses of TGF-beta 2 in the healing rabbit medial collateral ligament. J Orthop Res. 2003 Mar; 21(2):245-9. View Abstract
  171. Ligaments. Musculoskeletal Medicine, Berstein J, editor. 2003. View Abstract
  172. The Effect of selected growth factors on human anterior cruciate ligament cell interactions with a three dimensional collagen-GAG scaffold. J Orthop Res. 2003; 21:238-244. View Abstract
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  174. Meniscus. Musculoskeletal Medicine, Bernstein J, editor. 2003. View Abstract
  175. Cell outgrowth from the human ACL in vitro: regional variation and response to TGF-beta1. J Orthop Res. 2002 Jul; 20(4):875-80. View Abstract
  176. The effect of age on the response to injury in the human ACL. 2002. View Abstract
  177. The Musculoskeletal System. The Physiologic Basis of Surgery, O'Leary JP, editor. 2002. View Abstract
  178. The effects of selected crosslinking protocols on human ACL cell interactions with 3-D collagen-GAG scaffolds. 2002. View Abstract
  179. Changes in cell number density and smooth muscle actin expression after rupture of the human rotator cuff tendon. 2002. View Abstract
  180. The migration of cells from the ruptured human anterior cruciate ligament into collagen-glycosaminoglycan regeneration templates in vitro. Biomaterials. 2001 Sep; 22(17):2393-402. View Abstract
  181. Biologic Replacement for Fibrin Clot. 2001. View Abstract
  182. Distribution of smooth muscle actin-containing cells in the human meniscus. J Orthop Res. 2001 Jul; 19(4):659-64. View Abstract
  183. The presence of smooth muscle actin in fibroblasts in the torn human rotator cuff. J Orthop Res. 2001 Mar; 19(2):221-8. View Abstract
  184. Effect of the intra-articular environment on healing of the ruptured anterior cruciate ligament. 2001. View Abstract
  185. Gender differences in the histology of the human anterior cruciate ligament. 2001. View Abstract
  186. Histological changes in the human anterior cruciate ligament after rupture. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000 Oct; 82(10):1387-97. View Abstract
  187. Outgrowth of chondrocytes from human articular cartilage explants and expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin. Wound Repair Regen. 2000 Sep-Oct; 8(5):383-91. View Abstract
  188. Migration of cells from human anterior cruciate ligament explants into collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds. J Orthop Res. 2000 Jul; 18(4):557-64. View Abstract
  189. Biologic Replacement for Fibrin Clot for Intra-articular Use. 2000. View Abstract
  190. Outgrowth of Chondrocytes from human articular cartilage explants and expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin. Would Repair and Regeneration. 2000; 18:383-391. View Abstract
  191. Biologic Replacement for Fibrin Clot for Intra-articular Use, Provisional application. 1999. View Abstract
  192. E.R. Ortho, Resident Handbook, Harvard Combined Orthopaedic Residency Program. 1999. View Abstract
  193. Fibroblast distribution in the anteromedial bundle of the human anterior cruciate ligament: the presence of alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive cells. J Orthop Res. 1999 Jan; 17(1):18-27. View Abstract
  194. Guided Tissue Regeneration of the ACL: Preliminary Studies. 1999. View Abstract
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