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Neurology Research

Research Overview

Joseph Volpe is generally considered to have founded the field of neonatal neurology. His research focuses on damage to the white matter of the brain in premature infants, a condition called periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). Infants with PVL have an increased risk of developing cerebral palsy and can have intellectual or learning difficulties. Volpe has sought to define the biological mechanisms of PVL and design strategies to prevent it. He has approached this goal through both basic and clinical research.

Through basic research, he has demonstrated that early differentiating oligodendrocytes (cells that compose the white matter of the brain) are exquisitely vulnerable to attack by free radicals. Volpe has discovered that this vulnerability relates to impaired antioxidant defenses, requires iron, leads to apoptotic death, is highly maturation-dependent and can be prevented with mechanism-specific interventions.

Specifically, his work has identified two major upstream mechanisms: hypoxia-ischemia and systemic infection/inflammation with activation of brain microglia. These insults activate two major downstream mechanisms--excitotoxicity and, ultimately, generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. These insights have led to discovery of a variety of interventions that prevent or ameliorate the injury to early differentiating oligodendrocytes.

Volpe's clinical research has demonstrated that PVL in the premature newborn is followed by subsequent impairment of brain development. His work has also contributed to possible strategies for preventing that damage, showing that:

  • Infants with a pressure-passive cerebral circulation can be identified in the first hours of life and are at very high risk for subsequent periventricular white-matter injury.
  • Infants with cerebral hemodynamic disturbance can be identified prior to the occurrence of injury, raising the possibility that correcting the disturbance could prevent white-matter injury.
  • The critical diffuse component of periventricular white-matter injury--invisible to conventional MRI--can be identified by diffusion-based MRI (decreased diffusion) and by proton MR spectroscopy (increased lactate).
  • The disturbances of neuronal/axonal development that result from the white-matter injury involve the cerebral cortex, critical white-matter neurons (subplate neurons, late migrating GABAergic neurons), the thalamus, the basal ganglia and the cerebellum. These gray-matter lesions are likely very critical in the genesis of the cognitive/behavioral/attentional/socialization deficits observed in premature infants.

Research Background

Joseph Volpe received his MD from Harvard Medical School. He completed an internship and residency at Massachusetts General Hospital and a fellowship as a research associate at the National Institutes of Health. He is the recipient of numerous honors and prizes. In 1998 he was elected to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences.

Publications

  1. Defining the Neurologic Consequences of Preterm Birth. Reply. N Engl J Med. 2023 Nov 09; 389(19):1827. View Abstract
  2. Defining the Neurologic Consequences of Preterm Birth. N Engl J Med. 2023 Aug 03; 389(5):441-453. View Abstract
  3. Acute Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Signaling Severe Periventricular Leukomalacia in Preterm Infants: Case Report and Review of Literature. J Child Neurol. 2023 08; 38(8-9):489-497. View Abstract
  4. Amplitude-Integrated Electroencephalography Evolution and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Injury in Mild and Moderate to Severe Neonatal Encephalopathy. Am J Perinatol. 2024 05; 41(S 01):e2463-e2473. View Abstract
  5. Association of early cerebral oxygen saturation and brain injury in extremely preterm infants. J Perinatol. 2022 Oct; 42(10):1385-1391. View Abstract
  6. Reply to Drs. Glass and Shellhaas. J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 2022; 15(3):499. View Abstract
  7. Blood gas measures as predictors for neonatal encephalopathy severity. J Perinatol. 2021 09; 41(9):2261-2269. View Abstract
  8. Neuroimaging of the Preterm Brain: Review and Recommendations. J Pediatr. 2021 10; 237:276-287.e4. View Abstract
  9. Association between cerebral oxygen saturation and brain injury in neonates receiving therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy. J Perinatol. 2021 02; 41(2):269-277. View Abstract
  10. Primary neuronal dysmaturation in preterm brain: Important and likely modifiable. J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 2021; 14(1):1-6. View Abstract
  11. Management of Post-hemorrhagic Ventricular Dilatation in the Infant Born Preterm. J Pediatr. 2020 11; 226:16-27.e3. View Abstract
  12. Commentary - Marijuana use during pregnancy and premature birth: A problem likely to worsen. J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 2020; 13(1):1-3. View Abstract
  13. Commentary - Do the negative results of the PENUT trial close the book on erythropoietin for premature infant brain? J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 2020; 13(2):149-152. View Abstract
  14. Encephalopathy in neonates with subgaleal hemorrhage is a key predictor of outcome. Pediatr Res. 2019 08; 86(2):234-241. View Abstract
  15. Dysmaturation of Premature Brain: Importance, Cellular Mechanisms, and Potential Interventions. Pediatr Neurol. 2019 06; 95:42-66. View Abstract
  16. Placental assessment provides insight into mechanisms and timing of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 2019; 12(2):113-116. View Abstract
  17. Iron and zinc: Nutrients with potential for neurorestoration in premature infants with cerebral white matter injury. J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 2019; 12(4):365-368. View Abstract
  18. Differences in subependymal vein anatomy may predispose preterm infants to GMH-IVH. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2018 Jan; 103(1):F59-F65. View Abstract
  19. Confusions in Nomenclature: "Periventricular Leukomalacia" and "White Matter Injury"-Identical, Distinct, or Overlapping? Pediatr Neurol. 2017 08; 73:3-6. View Abstract
  20. Impaired Neurodevelopmental Outcome After Mild Germinal Matrix-Intraventricular Hemorrhage. Pediatrics. 2015 Dec; 136(6):1185-7. View Abstract
  21. A Century of Germinal Matrix Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Autopsied Premature Infants: A Historical Account. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2016 Mar-Apr; 19(2):108-14. View Abstract
  22. Neonatal neurology--my personal journey and some lessons learned. Pediatr Neurol. 2014 Dec; 51(6):753-7. View Abstract
  23. Intracranial hemorrhage in early infancy--renewed importance of vitamin K deficiency. Pediatr Neurol. 2014 Jun; 50(6):545-6. View Abstract
  24. Encephalopathy of congenital heart disease- destructive and developmental effects intertwined. J Pediatr. 2014 May; 164(5):962-5. View Abstract
  25. Value of sequential MRI in preterm infants. Neurology. 2013 Dec 10; 81(24):2062-3. View Abstract
  26. Neuropathologic studies of the encephalopathy of prematurity in the late preterm infant. Clin Perinatol. 2013 Dec; 40(4):707-22. View Abstract
  27. Developmental expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits in human white and gray matter: potential mechanism of increased vulnerability in the immature brain. Cereb Cortex. 2015 Feb; 25(2):482-95. View Abstract
  28. Expression of EAAT2 in neurons and protoplasmic astrocytes during human cortical development. J Comp Neurol. 2012 Dec 01; 520(17):3912-32. View Abstract
  29. Radial coherence of diffusion tractography in the cerebral white matter of the human fetus: neuroanatomic insights. Cereb Cortex. 2014 Mar; 24(3):579-92. View Abstract
  30. Neonatal encephalopathy: an inadequate term for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Ann Neurol. 2012 Aug; 72(2):156-66. View Abstract
  31. Modeling the encephalopathy of prematurity in animals: the important role of translational research. Neurol Res Int. 2012; 2012:295389. View Abstract
  32. Neuron deficit in the white matter and subplate in periventricular leukomalacia. Ann Neurol. 2012 Mar; 71(3):397-406. View Abstract
  33. Late development of the GABAergic system in the human cerebral cortex and white matter. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2011 Oct; 70(10):841-58. View Abstract
  34. Systemic inflammation, oligodendroglial maturation, and the encephalopathy of prematurity. Ann Neurol. 2011 Oct; 70(4):525-9. View Abstract
  35. Strain-specific differences in perinatal rodent oligodendrocyte lineage progression and its correlation with human. Dev Neurosci. 2011; 33(3-4):251-60. View Abstract
  36. Reprint of "The developing oligodendrocyte: key cellular target in brain injury in the premature infant". Int J Dev Neurosci. 2011 Oct; 29(6):565-82. View Abstract
  37. The clinically available NMDA receptor antagonist, memantine, exhibits relative safety in the developing rat brain. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2011 Nov; 29(7):767-73. View Abstract
  38. The developing oligodendrocyte: key cellular target in brain injury in the premature infant. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2011 Jun; 29(4):423-40. View Abstract
  39. Potential neuronal repair in cerebral white matter injury in the human neonate. Pediatr Res. 2011 Jan; 69(1):62-7. View Abstract
  40. The cerebral cortex overlying periventricular leukomalacia: analysis of pyramidal neurons. Brain Pathol. 2010 Jul; 20(4):803-14. View Abstract
  41. Honoring a giant in child neurology ... Help find and fund new ones: contributing to the Philip R. Dodge Young Investigator Award endowment fund. J Child Neurol. 2010 Feb; 25(2):250-3. View Abstract
  42. The encephalopathy of prematurity--brain injury and impaired brain development inextricably intertwined. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2009 Dec; 16(4):167-78. View Abstract
  43. Cerebellum of the premature infant: rapidly developing, vulnerable, clinically important. J Child Neurol. 2009 Sep; 24(9):1085-104. View Abstract
  44. Electroencephalography may provide insight into timing of premature brain injury. Pediatrics. 2009 Sep; 124(3):e542-4. View Abstract
  45. 17beta-estradiol protects against hypoxic/ischemic white matter damage in the neonatal rat brain. J Neurosci Res. 2009 Jul; 87(9):2078-86. View Abstract
  46. Regulation of glutamate transport in developing rat oligodendrocytes. J Neurosci. 2009 Jun 17; 29(24):7898-908. View Abstract
  47. Nitrosative stress and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in periventricular leukomalacia. Acta Neuropathol. 2009 Sep; 118(3):391-9. View Abstract
  48. Thalamic damage in periventricular leukomalacia: novel pathologic observations relevant to cognitive deficits in survivors of prematurity. Pediatr Res. 2009 May; 65(5):524-9. View Abstract
  49. Brain injury in premature infants: a complex amalgam of destructive and developmental disturbances. Lancet Neurol. 2009 Jan; 8(1):110-24. View Abstract
  50. Neonatal encephalitis and white matter injury: more than just inflammation? Ann Neurol. 2008 Sep; 64(3):232-6. View Abstract
  51. Postnatal sepsis, necrotizing entercolitis, and the critical role of systemic inflammation in white matter injury in premature infants. J Pediatr. 2008 Aug; 153(2):160-3. View Abstract
  52. NMDA receptor blockade with memantine attenuates white matter injury in a rat model of periventricular leukomalacia. J Neurosci. 2008 Jun 25; 28(26):6670-8. View Abstract
  53. Diffuse axonal injury in periventricular leukomalacia as determined by apoptotic marker fractin. Pediatr Res. 2008 Jun; 63(6):656-61. View Abstract
  54. Tumor necrosis factor alpha mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial toxicity to developing oligodendrocytes when astrocytes are present. J Neurosci. 2008 May 14; 28(20):5321-30. View Abstract
  55. Glutamate transporter EAAT2 expression is up-regulated in reactive astrocytes in human periventricular leukomalacia. J Comp Neurol. 2008 May 10; 508(2):238-48. View Abstract
  56. Positive screening for autism in ex-preterm infants: prevalence and risk factors. Pediatrics. 2008 Apr; 121(4):758-65. View Abstract
  57. Pathogenesis of cerebral white matter injury of prematurity. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2008 Mar; 93(2):F153-61. View Abstract
  58. Hyperoxia causes maturation-dependent cell death in the developing white matter. J Neurosci. 2008 Jan 30; 28(5):1236-45. View Abstract
  59. Minocycline treatment following hypoxic/ischaemic injury attenuates white matter injury in a rodent model of periventricular leucomalacia. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2008 Aug; 34(4):379-93. View Abstract
  60. Myelin abnormalities without oligodendrocyte loss in periventricular leukomalacia. Brain Pathol. 2008 Apr; 18(2):153-63. View Abstract
  61. Toll-like receptor 3 is a potent negative regulator of axonal growth in mammals. J Neurosci. 2007 Nov 21; 27(47):13033-41. View Abstract
  62. Current definitions of hypotension do not predict abnormal cranial ultrasound findings in preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2007 Nov; 120(5):966-77. View Abstract
  63. Gray matter injury associated with periventricular leukomalacia in the premature infant. Acta Neuropathol. 2007 Dec; 114(6):619-31. View Abstract
  64. Neurodevelopmental outcome in survivors of periventricular hemorrhagic infarction. Pediatrics. 2007 Oct; 120(4):785-92. View Abstract
  65. Does cerebellar injury in premature infants contribute to the high prevalence of long-term cognitive, learning, and behavioral disability in survivors? Pediatrics. 2007 Sep; 120(3):584-93. View Abstract
  66. Estradiol attenuates hyperoxia-induced cell death in the developing white matter. Ann Neurol. 2007 Jun; 61(6):562-73. View Abstract
  67. The glutamate transporter EAAT2 is transiently expressed in developing human cerebral white matter. J Comp Neurol. 2007 Apr 20; 501(6):879-90. View Abstract
  68. Fluctuating pressure-passivity is common in the cerebral circulation of sick premature infants. Pediatr Res. 2007 Apr; 61(4):467-73. View Abstract
  69. Toll-like receptor 8 functions as a negative regulator of neurite outgrowth and inducer of neuronal apoptosis. J Cell Biol. 2006 Oct 23; 175(2):209-15. View Abstract
  70. Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate receptor subunit composition and cAMP-response element-binding protein regulate oligodendrocyte excitotoxicity. J Biol Chem. 2006 Nov 24; 281(47):36004-11. View Abstract
  71. Lipid peroxidation during human cerebral myelination. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2006 Sep; 65(9):894-904. View Abstract
  72. Periventricular hemorrhagic infarction: risk factors and neonatal outcome. Pediatr Neurol. 2006 Aug; 35(2):85-92. View Abstract
  73. Development of microglia in the cerebral white matter of the human fetus and infant. J Comp Neurol. 2006 Jul 10; 497(2):199-208. View Abstract
  74. A mechanism for neurodegeneration induced by group B streptococci through activation of the TLR2/MyD88 pathway in microglia. J Immunol. 2006 Jul 01; 177(1):583-92. View Abstract
  75. Developmental regulation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptor subunit expression in forebrain and relationship to regional susceptibility to hypoxic/ischemic injury. II. Human cerebral white matter and cortex. J Comp Neurol. 2006 Jul 01; 497(1):61-77. View Abstract
  76. Developmental regulation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptor subunit expression in forebrain and relationship to regional susceptibility to hypoxic/ischemic injury. I. Rodent cerebral white matter and cortex. J Comp Neurol. 2006 Jul 01; 497(1):42-60. View Abstract
  77. Ultrasonographic features and severity scoring of periventricular hemorrhagic infarction in relation to risk factors and outcome. Pediatrics. 2006 Jun; 117(6):2111-8. View Abstract
  78. Oligodendrocyte excitotoxicity determined by local glutamate accumulation and mitochondrial function. J Neurochem. 2006 Jul; 98(1):213-22. View Abstract
  79. The current etiologic profile and neurodevelopmental outcome of seizures in term newborn infants. Pediatrics. 2006 Apr; 117(4):1270-80. View Abstract
  80. Intracellular zinc release and ERK phosphorylation are required upstream of 12-lipoxygenase activation in peroxynitrite toxicity to mature rat oligodendrocytes. J Biol Chem. 2006 Apr 07; 281(14):9460-70. View Abstract
  81. Impaired trophic interactions between the cerebellum and the cerebrum among preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2005 Oct; 116(4):844-50. View Abstract
  82. Cerebellar hemorrhage in the preterm infant: ultrasonographic findings and risk factors. Pediatrics. 2005 Sep; 116(3):717-24. View Abstract
  83. Peroxynitrite generated by inducible nitric oxide synthase and NADPH oxidase mediates microglial toxicity to oligodendrocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jul 12; 102(28):9936-41. View Abstract
  84. Encephalopathy of prematurity includes neuronal abnormalities. Pediatrics. 2005 Jul; 116(1):221-5. View Abstract
  85. Oxidative and nitrative injury in periventricular leukomalacia: a review. Brain Pathol. 2005 Jul; 15(3):225-33. View Abstract
  86. Axonal development in the cerebral white matter of the human fetus and infant. J Comp Neurol. 2005 Apr 04; 484(2):156-67. View Abstract
  87. Late gestation cerebellar growth is rapid and impeded by premature birth. Pediatrics. 2005 Mar; 115(3):688-95. View Abstract
  88. In vivo visualization of white matter fiber tracts of preterm- and term-infant brains with diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. Invest Radiol. 2005 Feb; 40(2):110-5. View Abstract
  89. Abnormal cerebral structure is present at term in premature infants. Pediatrics. 2005 Feb; 115(2):286-94. View Abstract
  90. Cerebral white matter injury in the newborn following Escherichia coli meningitis. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2005; 9(1):13-7. View Abstract
  91. The relationship of CSF and plasma cytokine levels to cerebral white matter injury in the premature newborn. Pediatr Res. 2005 Feb; 57(2):282-6. View Abstract
  92. Nitric oxide-induced cell death in developing oligodendrocytes is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis-inducing factor translocation. Eur J Neurosci. 2004 Oct; 20(7):1713-26. View Abstract
  93. 12-Lipoxygenase plays a key role in cell death caused by glutathione depletion and arachidonic acid in rat oligodendrocytes. Eur J Neurosci. 2004 Oct; 20(8):2049-58. View Abstract
  94. Developmental lag in superoxide dismutases relative to other antioxidant enzymes in premyelinated human telencephalic white matter. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2004 Sep; 63(9):990-9. View Abstract
  95. Interferon-gamma expression in periventricular leukomalacia in the human brain. Brain Pathol. 2004 Jul; 14(3):265-74. View Abstract
  96. Developmental up-regulation of MnSOD in rat oligodendrocytes confers protection against oxidative injury. Eur J Neurosci. 2004 Jul; 20(1):29-40. View Abstract
  97. Role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in oligodendrocyte excitotoxicity and oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 May 18; 101(20):7751-6. View Abstract
  98. Glutamate receptor-mediated oligodendrocyte toxicity in periventricular leukomalacia: a protective role for topiramate. J Neurosci. 2004 May 05; 24(18):4412-20. View Abstract
  99. Glutathione peroxidase-catalase cooperativity is required for resistance to hydrogen peroxide by mature rat oligodendrocytes. J Neurosci. 2004 Feb 18; 24(7):1531-40. View Abstract
  100. CSF removal in infantile posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus results in significant improvement in cerebral hemodynamics. Pediatr Res. 2004 May; 55(5):872-6. View Abstract
  101. Combination of event-related fMRI and diffusion tensor imaging in an infant with perinatal stroke. Neuroimage. 2004 Jan; 21(1):463-72. View Abstract
  102. A limited range of measures of 2-D ultrasound correlate with 3-D MRI cerebral volumes in the premature infant at term. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2004 Jan; 30(1):11-8. View Abstract
  103. Defining the nature of the cerebral abnormalities in the premature infant: a qualitative magnetic resonance imaging study. J Pediatr. 2003 Aug; 143(2):171-9. View Abstract
  104. Insights into the pathogenesis of cerebral lesions in incontinentia pigmenti. Pediatr Neurol. 2003 Aug; 29(2):148-50. View Abstract
  105. Novel role of vitamin k in preventing oxidative injury to developing oligodendrocytes and neurons. J Neurosci. 2003 Jul 02; 23(13):5816-26. View Abstract
  106. Cerebral white matter injury of the premature infant-more common than you think. Pediatrics. 2003 Jul; 112(1 Pt 1):176-80. View Abstract
  107. Activation of innate immunity in the CNS triggers neurodegeneration through a Toll-like receptor 4-dependent pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Jul 08; 100(14):8514-9. View Abstract
  108. Calcium-permeable AMPA/kainate receptors mediate toxicity and preconditioning by oxygen-glucose deprivation in oligodendrocyte precursors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 May 27; 100(11):6801-6. View Abstract
  109. White matter injury in the premature infant: a comparison between serial cranial sonographic and MR findings at term. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003 May; 24(5):805-9. View Abstract
  110. Nitrosative and oxidative injury to premyelinating oligodendrocytes in periventricular leukomalacia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2003 May; 62(5):441-50. View Abstract
  111. Mature myelin basic protein-expressing oligodendrocytes are insensitive to kainate toxicity. J Neurosci Res. 2003 Jan 15; 71(2):237-45. View Abstract
  112. Lowered electroencephalographic spectral edge frequency predicts the presence of cerebral white matter injury in premature infants. Pediatrics. 2003 Jan; 111(1):27-33. View Abstract
  113. Cerebral injury in association with profound iatrogenic hyperglycemia in a neonate. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2003; 7(4):167-71. View Abstract
  114. Elevated free radical products in the cerebrospinal fluid of VLBW infants with cerebral white matter injury. Pediatr Res. 2002 Aug; 52(2):213-8. View Abstract
  115. Prognostic value of neonatal discontinuous EEG. Pediatr Neurol. 2002 Aug; 27(2):93-101. View Abstract
  116. Posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilatation in the premature infant: natural history and predictors of outcome. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2002 Jul; 87(1):F37-41. View Abstract
  117. Mental Retardation Research Center at Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School. Introductory overview. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2002 Jun-Aug; 20(3-5):337-8. View Abstract
  118. Markers of oxidative injury in the cerebrospinal fluid of a premature infant with meningitis and periventricular leukomalacia. J Pediatr. 2002 May; 140(5):617-21. View Abstract
  119. The toll-like receptor TLR4 is necessary for lipopolysaccharide-induced oligodendrocyte injury in the CNS. J Neurosci. 2002 Apr 01; 22(7):2478-86. View Abstract
  120. Perinatal brain injury in the preterm and term newborn. Curr Opin Neurol. 2002 Apr; 15(2):151-7. View Abstract
  121. Arrested oligodendrocyte lineage progression during human cerebral white matter development: dissociation between the timing of progenitor differentiation and myelinogenesis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2002 Feb; 61(2):197-211. View Abstract
  122. Magnetic resonance demonstration in the newborn of generalized cerebral venous dilation with spontaneous resolution. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2002; 6(5):289-92. View Abstract
  123. Neurobiology of periventricular leukomalacia in the premature infant. Pediatr Res. 2001 Nov; 50(5):553-62. View Abstract
  124. Time course of changes in diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in a case of neonatal encephalopathy with defined onset and duration of hypoxic-ischemic insult. Pediatrics. 2001 Nov; 108(5):1211-4. View Abstract
  125. Line scan diffusion tensor MRI of the cervical spinal cord in preterm infants. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2001 Jun; 13(6):949-53. View Abstract
  126. Microstructural brain development after perinatal cerebral white matter injury assessed by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatrics. 2001 Mar; 107(3):455-60. View Abstract
  127. Impaired cerebral cortical gray matter growth after treatment with dexamethasone for neonatal chronic lung disease. Pediatrics. 2001 Feb; 107(2):217-21. View Abstract
  128. Perinatal brain injury: from pathogenesis to neuroprotection. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2001; 7(1):56-64. View Abstract
  129. NBQX attenuates excitotoxic injury in developing white matter. J Neurosci. 2000 Dec 15; 20(24):9235-41. View Abstract
  130. Noninvasive detection of changes in cerebral blood flow by near-infrared spectroscopy in a piglet model of hydrocephalus. Pediatr Res. 2000 Oct; 48(4):445-9. View Abstract
  131. Cerebral intravascular oxygenation correlates with mean arterial pressure in critically ill premature infants. Pediatrics. 2000 Oct; 106(4):625-32. View Abstract
  132. Overview: normal and abnormal human brain development. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2000; 6(1):1-5. View Abstract
  133. Periventricular white matter injury in the premature infant is followed by reduced cerebral cortical gray matter volume at term. Ann Neurol. 1999 Nov; 46(5):755-60. View Abstract
  134. A new Alamar Blue viability assay to rapidly quantify oligodendrocyte death. J Neurosci Methods. 1999 Sep 15; 91(1-2):47-54. View Abstract
  135. Intracellular redox state determines whether nitric oxide is toxic or protective to rat oligodendrocytes in culture. J Neurochem. 1999 Aug; 73(2):476-84. View Abstract
  136. The postmigrational development of polymicrogyria documented by magnetic resonance imaging from 31 weeks' postconceptional age. Ann Neurol. 1999 Jun; 45(6):798-801. View Abstract
  137. Early detection of periventricular leukomalacia by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging techniques. J Pediatr. 1999 May; 134(5):631-4. View Abstract
  138. Microstructural development of human newborn cerebral white matter assessed in vivo by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Res. 1998 Oct; 44(4):584-90. View Abstract
  139. Near infrared spectroscopy detects cerebral ischemia during hypotension in piglets. Pediatr Res. 1998 Oct; 44(4):591-5. View Abstract
  140. Brain injury in the premature infant: overview of clinical aspects, neuropathology, and pathogenesis. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 1998 Sep; 5(3):135-51. View Abstract
  141. Recovery of congenital isolated pharyngeal dysfunction: implications for early management. Pediatr Neurol. 1998 Sep; 19(3):222-4. View Abstract
  142. Maturation-dependent vulnerability of oligodendrocytes to oxidative stress-induced death caused by glutathione depletion. J Neurosci. 1998 Aug 15; 18(16):6241-53. View Abstract
  143. Neurologic outcome of prematurity. Arch Neurol. 1998 Mar; 55(3):297-300. View Abstract
  144. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of brain development in premature and mature newborns. Ann Neurol. 1998 Feb; 43(2):224-35. View Abstract
  145. Neonatal neurologic evaluation by the neurosurgeon. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1998 Jan; 9(1):1-16. View Abstract
  146. Prognosis for development in the newborn requiring neurosurgical intervention. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1998 Jan; 9(1):187-97. View Abstract
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  149. Brain injury in the premature infant. Neuropathology, clinical aspects, pathogenesis, and prevention. Clin Perinatol. 1997 Sep; 24(3):567-87. View Abstract
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  178. Fatty acid synthetase of developing brain and liver. Content, synthesis, and degradation during development. J Biol Chem. 1973 Apr 10; 248(7):2502-13. View Abstract
  179. Saturated fatty acid biosynthesis and its regulation. Annu Rev Biochem. 1973; 42:21-60. View Abstract
  180. Burn encephalopathy in children. Pediatrics. 1972 Oct; 50(4):609-16. View Abstract
  181. Fatty acid synthetase of brain: development, influence of nutritional and hormonal factors and comparison with liver enzyme. J Neurochem. 1972 Mar; 19(3):737-53. View Abstract
  182. Transsulfuration in fetal and postnatal mammalian liver and brain. Cystathionine synthase, its relation to hormonal influences, and cystathionine. Biol Neonate. 1972; 20(5):385-403. View Abstract
  183. Cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome of Zellweger: an inherited disorder of neuronal migration. Acta Neuropathol. 1972; 20(3):175-98. View Abstract
  184. Regional distribution of isozymes of D-amino-acid oxidase and acetylesterase in developing primate brain. Exp Neurol. 1970 Jul; 28(1):76-87. View Abstract
  185. Trans-sulphuration in primate brain: regional distribution of methionine-activating enzyme in the brain of the rhesus monkey at various stages of development. J Neurochem. 1970 Mar; 17(3):413-24. View Abstract
  186. Trans-sulphuration in primate brain: regional distribution of s stages of development. J Neurochem. 1970 Mar; 17(3):425-37. View Abstract
  187. Transsulfuration in mammals: fetal and early development of methionine-activating enzyme and its relation to hormonal influences. J Clin Invest. 1968 Sep; 47(9):2099-108. View Abstract

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