Education

Undergraduate School

University of Virginia
1998 Charlottesville VA

Medical School

University of Virginia
2002 Charlottesville VA

Internship

Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
2003 Cincinnati OH

Residency

Chief Resident, Pediatrics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
2006 Cincinnati OH

Fellowship

Clinical Fellow, Anesthesia Boston Children's Hospital
2010 Boston MA

Publications

  1. Social Determinants of Health And End-Of-Life Circumstances in A Quaternary Children's Hospital. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2026 May 27. View Abstract
  2. Respiratory-physiology modeling of therapeutic hydrogen inhalation: defining the fraction of inspired hydrogen (FiH2) and flow-rate requirements. Respir Res. 2026 Apr 28. View Abstract
  3. Variables Associated With Central Venous Catheter Occlusions in 2 Pediatric ICUs With Differing Maintenance Protocols. Dimens Crit Care Nurs. 2026 May-Jun 01; 45(3):130-140. View Abstract
  4. Mitochondrial hyperoxidation contributes to warm ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat and pig livers. Commun Med (Lond). 2026 Apr 01; 6(1). View Abstract
  5. Emerging Clinical Applications for Molecular Hydrogen. Respir Care. 2026 03; 71(3):328-338. View Abstract
  6. Adherence to Sedation Protocol Recommendations in Intubated ICU Patients. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2026 Feb 16. View Abstract
  7. The Effects of Vasoactive Medications on Mean Circulatory Filling Pressure, Venous Resistance, Systemic Vascular Resistance, Cardiac Index, and Oxygen Extraction After Pediatric Heart Transplant: Leveraging High-Fidelity Physiologic Data. Children (Basel). 2026 Feb 13; 13(2). View Abstract
  8. Sinus node dysfunction after surgery for congenital heart disease: Incidence and impact on recovery. Heart Rhythm. 2026 May; 23(5):e812-e818. View Abstract
  9. Hydrogen's Feasibility and Safety as a Therapy in Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (Hydrogen-FAST): study protocol for a trial of inhaled hydrogen gas as an adjunctive therapy in refractory cardiac arrest. Trials. 2025 Nov 07; 26(1):481. View Abstract
  10. Rapidly dissolving polymeric microbubbles promote supersaturation and in-situ formation of acoustic nanobubbles capable of dynamic pressure sensing. Ultrason Sonochem. 2025 Nov; 122:107612. View Abstract
  11. Automated phenotyping of congenital heart disease for dynamic patient aggregation and outcome reporting. JAMIA Open. 2025 Oct; 8(5):ooaf106. View Abstract
  12. The Case for the Pediatric Cardiologist-Informaticist. Pediatr Cardiol. 2026 Jun; 47(5):1899-1916. View Abstract
  13. Risk of Recurrence and Long-Term Outcomes of Ectopic Atrial Tachycardia After Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2025 Aug; 36(8):1858-1867. View Abstract
  14. Adjunctive Corticosteroids for Hypotension in the Pediatric Cardiac ICU: Single-Center Retrospective Study, 2020-2021. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2025 Jul 01; 26(7):e877-e888. View Abstract
  15. Resonance Raman Spectroscopy Detects Ischemia in Experimental Coarctation of the Aorta in a Rodent Model. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2025 Jun; 18(3):566-573. View Abstract
  16. Performance of Unmodified Mechanical Ventilators With 2% Hydrogen Gas Mixtures. Respir Care. 2025 04; 70(4):377-383. View Abstract
  17. Plasma brain-related biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in pediatric ECMO. Neurotherapeutics. 2025 Jan; 22(1):e00521. View Abstract
  18. Generating Risk Reduction Analytics in Complex Cardiac Care Environments (GR2AC3E): Risk Prediction in Congenital Catheterization. J Soc Cardiovasc Angiogr Interv. 2025 Mar; 4(3Part B):102434. View Abstract
  19. Biventricular Repair of Univentricular Heart Lowers Risk of Liver Disease Compared With the Fontan Operation. JACC Adv. 2025 Jan; 4(1):101429. View Abstract
  20. Systemically injected oxygen within rapidly dissolving microbubbles improves the outcomes of severe hypoxaemia in swine. Nat Biomed Eng. 2024 11; 8(11):1396-1411. View Abstract
  21. Pediatric Sedation Gets a Wake-Up Call. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024 Sep 10; 84(11):1022-1024. View Abstract
  22. Efficacy and safety of early postoperative ablation in patients with congenital heart disease. Heart Rhythm. 2025 May; 22(5):1330-1336. View Abstract
  23. Esophageal oxyhemoglobin saturation as a resuscitative metric in hemorrhagic shock. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2024; 9(1):e001480. View Abstract
  24. Arch watch: current approaches and opportunities for improvement. J Perinatol. 2024 03; 44(3):325-332. View Abstract
  25. Social Drivers of Health and Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Outcomes. Pediatrics. 2023 12 01; 152(6). View Abstract
  26. Administration of Milrinone Following Tetralogy of Fallot Repair Increases Postoperative Volume Administration Without Improving Cardiac Output. Anesth Analg. 2023 Nov 01; 137(5):1056-1065. View Abstract
  27. Administration of Milrinone Following Tetralogy of Fallot Repair Increases Postoperative Volume Administration Without Improving Cardiac Output. Anesth Analg. 2023 Nov 01; 137(5):1056-1065. View Abstract
  28. Impact of Dexmedetomidine Infusion on Opioid and Benzodiazepine Doses in Ventilated Pediatric Patients in the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit. Paediatr Drugs. 2023 Nov; 25(6):709-718. View Abstract
  29. Predicting favorable response to intravenous morphine in pediatric critically ill cardiac patients. Pharmacotherapy. 2023 07; 43(7):579-587. View Abstract
  30. Injectable Oxygen Microparticles Boost Radiation-Mediated In Situ Vaccination and Systemic Antitumor Immune Responses. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2023 07 15; 116(4):906-915. View Abstract
  31. Insight into the Role of the Child Opportunity Index on Surgical Outcomes in Congenital Heart Disease. J Pediatr. 2023 08; 259:113464. View Abstract
  32. Clinical risk prediction score for postoperative accelerated junctional rhythm and junctional ectopic tachycardia in children with congenital heart disease. Heart Rhythm. 2023 07; 20(7):1011-1017. View Abstract
  33. Low-Fouling Zwitterionic Polymeric Colloids as Resuscitation Fluids for Hemorrhagic Shock. Adv Mater. 2022 Nov; 34(47):e2207376. View Abstract
  34. Prediction of impending central-line-associated bloodstream infections in hospitalized cardiac patients: development and testing of a machine-learning model. J Hosp Infect. 2022 Sep; 127:44-50. View Abstract
  35. A microfluidic device for real-time on-demand intravenous oxygen delivery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 03 29; 119(13):e2115276119. View Abstract
  36. Safety of Prolonged Inhalation of Hydrogen Gas in Air in Healthy Adults. Crit Care Explor. 2021 Oct; 3(10):e543. View Abstract
  37. Modeling severe functional impairment or death following ECPR in pediatric cardiac patients: Planning for an interventional trial. Resuscitation. 2021 10; 167:12-21. View Abstract
  38. Development of Care Curves Following the Stage 1 Palliation: A Comparison of Intensive Care Among 5 Centers. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021 06; 10(11):e019396. View Abstract
  39. Commentary: Hydrogen: Lightweight molecule takes on a heavyweight problem. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2022 12; 164(6):e286-e287. View Abstract
  40. Avoidable Serum Potassium Testing in the Cardiac ICU: Development and Testing of a Machine-Learning Model. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2021 04 01; 22(4):392-400. View Abstract
  41. Socioeconomic and Racial and/or Ethnic Disparities in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome. Pediatrics. 2021 05; 147(5). View Abstract
  42. Shock Index, Coronary Perfusion Pressure, and Rate Pressure Product As Predictors of Adverse Outcome After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2021 01 01; 22(1):e67-e78. View Abstract
  43. Vein of Galen Malformation. Neoreviews. 2020 10; 21(10):e678-e686. View Abstract
  44. Sensitivity of a Next-Generation NIRS Device to Detect Low Mixed Venous Oxyhemoglobin Saturations in the Single Ventricle Population. Anesth Analg. 2020 09; 131(3):e138-e141. View Abstract
  45. Hyperbaric polymer microcapsules for tunable oxygen delivery. J Control Release. 2020 11 10; 327:420-428. View Abstract
  46. Value of provocative electrophysiology testing in the management of pediatric patients after congenital heart surgery. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2020 09; 43(9):901-907. View Abstract
  47. WITHDRAWN: Complete Heart Block, Severe Ventricular Dysfunction and Myocardial Inflammation in a Child with COVID-19 Infection. JACC Case Rep. 2020 May 27. View Abstract
  48. Complete Heart Block, Severe Ventricular Dysfunction, and Myocardial Inflammation in a Child With COVID-19 Infection. JACC Case Rep. 2020 Jul 15; 2(9):1351-1355. View Abstract
  49. Red Blood Cell Transfusion After Stage I Palliation Is Associated With Worse Clinical Outcomes. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020 05 18; 9(10):e015304. View Abstract
  50. Development of a Respiratory Support Score as a Visualization Tool in Intensive Care. Respir Care. 2020 Sep; 65(9):1268-1275. View Abstract
  51. Impact of the superior cavopulmonary anastomosis on cerebral oxygenation. Cardiol Young. 2020 Apr; 30(4):585-587. View Abstract
  52. Value of Troponin Testing for Detection of Heart Disease in Previously Healthy Children. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020 02 18; 9(4):e012897. View Abstract
  53. Fontan with lateral tunnel is associated with improved survival compared with extracardiac conduit. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020 04; 159(4):1480-1491.e2. View Abstract
  54. Safety of inhaled hydrogen gas in healthy mice. Med Gas Res. 2019 Jul-Sep; 9(3):133-138. View Abstract
  55. Perioperatively Inhaled Hydrogen Gas Diminishes Neurologic Injury Following Experimental Circulatory Arrest in Swine. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2019 Apr; 4(2):176-187. View Abstract
  56. Reply to Li, J "The Fick principle remains accurate to calculate cardiac output under hyperoxia". Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2019 07; 63(6):828. View Abstract
  57. Intravenous Amiodarone and Sotalol Impair Contractility and Cardiac Output, but Procainamide Does Not: A Langendorff Study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2019 05; 24(3):288-297. View Abstract
  58. Tunable Nonlinear Acoustic Reporters Using Micro- and Nanosized Air Bubbles with Porous Polymeric Hard Shells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2019 Jan 09; 11(1):7-12. View Abstract
  59. Injectable Oxygen: Interfacing Materials Chemistry with Resuscitative Science. Chemistry. 2018 Dec 17; 24(71):18820-18829. View Abstract
  60. Physiologic effects of delayed sternal closure following stage 1 palliation. Cardiol Young. 2018 Dec; 28(12):1393-1403. View Abstract
  61. Changes in tissue oxygen tension, venous saturation, and Fick-based assessments of cardiac output during hyperoxia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2019 01; 63(1):93-100. View Abstract
  62. Tunable Polymer Microcapsules for Controlled Release of Therapeutic Gases. Langmuir. 2018 08 07; 34(31):9175-9183. View Abstract
  63. A Device for the Quantification of Oxygen Consumption and Caloric Expenditure in the Neonatal Range. Anesth Analg. 2018 07; 127(1):95-104. View Abstract
  64. Impact of a Composite Valved RV-PA Graft After Stage 1 Palliation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2018 11; 106(5):1452-1459. View Abstract
  65. An anticoagulation protocol for use after congenital cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2018 07; 156(1):343-352.e4. View Abstract
  66. Partial thromboplastin time is more predictive of bleeding than anti-Xa levels in heparinized pediatric patients after cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2018 07; 156(1):332-340.e1. View Abstract
  67. Use of Oxyhemoglobin Saturation or Oxygen Tension-an Unsolved Question-Reply. JAMA Pediatr. 2018 04 01; 172(4):390-391. View Abstract
  68. Interfacial Nanoprecipitation toward Stable and Responsive Microbubbles and Their Use as a Resuscitative Fluid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2018 01 26; 57(5):1271-1276. View Abstract
  69. Measurement of Dead Space Fraction Upon ICU Admission Predicts Length of Stay and Clinical Outcomes Following Bidirectional Cavopulmonary Anastomosis. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2018 01; 19(1):23-31. View Abstract
  70. Use of Oxyhemoglobin Saturation, Rather Than Oxygen Tension, as a Marker of Oxygenation in Cyanotic Patients. JAMA Pediatr. 2017 10 01; 171(10):1012-1014. View Abstract
  71. Responsive monitoring of mitochondrial redox states in heart muscle predicts impending cardiac arrest. Sci Transl Med. 2017 Sep 20; 9(408). View Abstract
  72. Hemodynamic Effects of Lipid-Based Oxygen Microbubbles via Rapid Intravenous Injection in Rodents. Pharm Res. 2017 Oct; 34(10):2156-2162. View Abstract
  73. Cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy insensitively detects low cerebral venous oxygen saturations after stage 1 palliation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017 09; 154(3):1056-1062. View Abstract
  74. Accuracy of Oxygen Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Elimination Measurements in 2 Breath-by-Breath Devices. Respir Care. 2017 Apr; 62(4):475-480. View Abstract
  75. Reply to Span et al.: Rational design of oxygen microparticles for radiation therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016 12 13; 113(50):E8010. View Abstract
  76. 191: QUANTIFYING ICU SUPPORT IN THE CONTEXT OF DISEASE-MATCHED PATIENTS OVER TIME USING PERCENTILE CURVES. Crit Care Med. 2016 Dec; 44(12 Suppl 1):125. View Abstract
  77. 450: SUBOPTIMAL PROTEIN INTAKE MAY PROLONG CICU LENGTH OF STAY AND WORSEN NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN CHILDREN. Crit Care Med. 2016 Dec; 44(12 Suppl 1):189. View Abstract
  78. 462: BEDSIDE VCO2 AS A GUIDE TO INDIVIDUALIZED ENERGY PRESCRIPTION IN VENTILATED CHILDREN IN THE CICU. Crit Care Med. 2016 Dec; 44(12 Suppl 1):192. View Abstract
  79. Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor-Based Vasodilation Improves Oxygen Delivery and Clinical Outcomes Following Stage 1 Palliation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016 11 02; 5(11). View Abstract
  80. Oxygen delivery using engineered microparticles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016 11 01; 113(44):12380-12385. View Abstract
  81. Rodent Working Heart Model for the Study of Myocardial Performance and Oxygen Consumption. J Vis Exp. 2016 08 16; (114). View Abstract
  82. Effects of commonly used inotropes on myocardial function and oxygen consumption under constant ventricular loading conditions. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2016 07 01; 121(1):7-14. View Abstract
  83. Neosaxitoxin in Rat Sciatic Block: Improved Therapeutic Index Using Combinations with Bupivacaine, with and without Epinephrine. Anesthesiology. 2015 Oct; 123(4):886-98. View Abstract
  84. The effects of lung recruitment maneuvers on exhaled breath condensate pH. J Breath Res. 2015 Sep 03; 9(3):036009. View Abstract
  85. Manufacture of concentrated, lipid-based oxygen microbubble emulsions by high shear homogenization and serial concentration. J Vis Exp. 2014 May 26; (87). View Abstract
  86. Optimization and characterization of stable lipid-based, oxygen-filled microbubbles by mixture design. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2014 Aug; 102(6):1148-56. View Abstract
  87. Bulk manufacture of concentrated oxygen gas-filled microparticles for intravenous oxygen delivery. Adv Healthc Mater. 2013 Aug; 2(8):1131-41. View Abstract
  88. Comparison of 2 lung recruitment strategies in children with acute lung injury. Respir Care. 2013 Aug; 58(8):1280-90. View Abstract
  89. Reversal of dependent lung collapse predicts response to lung recruitment in children with early acute lung injury. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2012 Sep; 13(5):509-15. View Abstract
  90. Oxygen gas-filled microparticles provide intravenous oxygen delivery. Sci Transl Med. 2012 Jun 27; 4(140):140ra88. View Abstract
  91. Respiratory, neuromuscular, and cardiovascular effects of neosaxitoxin in isoflurane-anesthetized sheep. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012 Mar-Apr; 37(2):152-8. View Abstract
  92. Phospholipid-stabilized microbubble foam for injectable oxygen delivery. Langmuir. 2010 Oct 19; 26(20):15726-9. View Abstract
  93. Neuropathology of a fatal case of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2010 Sep-Oct; 13(5):397-403. View Abstract
  94. Implementation of a medical emergency team in a large pediatric teaching hospital prevents respiratory and cardiopulmonary arrests outside the intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2007 May; 8(3):236-46; quiz 247. View Abstract

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